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Properties Of Concrete

Influence of six rejuvenators on the performance properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) binder and 100% recycled asphalt mixtures

Asphalt is the most recycled material in the USA at a re-use rate of 99%. However, by average only 10–20% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is used in a given mix design and large part of the RAP is degraded for use in lower value applications. The amount of RAP in asphalt mixtures can be significantly increased with the application of good RAP management practice, readily available modern production technologies and advanced knowledge of mix design. This paper summarises the state-of-the-art approaches for increasing the amount of RAP in asphalt mixtures above 40%. The production challenges and common pavement distresses of very high RAP content mixtures are identified and methods to optimise the mix design as well as production technology in order to allow manufacturing of such sustainable mixtures are described. The best practices for RAP management and economic benefits of high RAP use are also discussed.

Review of very high-content reclaimed asphalt use in plant-produced pavements: state of the art

a b s t r a c t A holistic evaluation of the feasibility of producing 100% recycled mixtures is presented. Eleven tech- nologies readily available for producing 100% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) hot asphalt mixtures are described in the article and the complementary video (http://youtu.be/coj-e5mhHEQ). The recorded performance of 100% RAP mixtures is analyzed along with identification of typical high RAP distresses. Recommended mix design procedures and the best RAP management strategies are described. A cradle- to-gate analysis of environmental effects indicated 18 kg or 35% CO2eq savings per t of produced 100% RAP asphalt mixture compared to virgin mix, while cost analysis showed at least 50% savings in material related expenses.

100% recycled hot mix asphalt: A review and analysis

a b s t r a c t A holistic evaluation of the feasibility of producing 100% recycled mixtures is presented Eleven tech- nologies readily available for producing 100% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) hot asphalt mixtures are described in the article and the complementary video (http://youtube/coj-e5mhHEQ) The recorded performance of 100% RAP mixtures is analyzed along with identification of typical high RAP distresses Recommended mix design procedures and the best RAP management strategies are described A cradle- to-gate analysis of environmental effects indicated 18 kg or 35% CO2eq savings per t of produced 100% RAP asphalt mixture compared to virgin mix, while cost analysis showed at least 50% savings in material related expenses

100% Recycled Hot Mix Asphalt: A Review and Analysis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a bio-modified binder on the performance and workability of asphalt mixtures designed with and without a high Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) content. The bio-modified binder was prepared by modifying a virgin asphalt binder with bio-binder produced from swine manure. The four mixtures that were designed and evaluated were: a control mixture incorporating virgin materials, the control mixture incorporating 40% RAP, the control mixture incorporating the bio-modified binder and the control mixture incorporating the bio-modified binder and 40% RAP. The effect of the bio-modified binder on the stiffness and workability of the control mixture with and without RAP was evaluated by measuring the dynamic modulus and the torque resistance of the mixtures respectively. The performance of each mixture was evaluated for fatigue cracking (Overlay Tester) and moisture susceptibility/rutting potential (Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device). Finally, the degree of blending between the virgin and RAP binders was evaluated for each mixture. The data indicated that the addition of bio-modified binder helped reduce the stiffness of the control mixture with 40% RAP to a level closer to the stiffness of the same mixture without RAP. Correspondingly, the mixture workability for the control mixture with 40% RAP was improved. The data indicated that the bio-modified binder improved the cracking characteristics and had no negative effect on the moisture susceptibility/rutting characteristics of the control mixture with 40% RAP. Overall, data indicated that there was a good degree of blending between the virgin/bio-modified and RAP binders.

Performance Characteristics of High RAP Bio-modified Asphalt Mixtures

This paper investigates the ability of a generalized Westergaard model consisting of a viscoelastic plate on a viscoelastic Winkler foundation to describe deflections of both rigid and flexible pavements under dynamic loading. The pavement response to falling weight deflectometer (FWD) loading was simulated, and a semianalytical solution involving the use of a Hankel transform in space and a finite difference method in time was developed. The obtained solution was used to interpret FWD data collected at the Minnesota Road Research Facility. It was shown that a good match between the simulated and measured response data could be obtained for both rigid and flexible pavements if inertia and viscoelastic effects were accounted for. The proposed model is thus an attractive tool for analysis of pavement–vehicle interaction.

Dynamic Viscoelastic Analysis of Falling Weight Deflectometer Deflections for Rigid and Flexible Pavements

One approach to reduce the cost of asphalt mixtures and to produce environmentally friendly mixtures is to use more readily available recycled materials like Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements (RAP) and Ground Tire Rubber (GTR). In this study, GTR and Treated GTR were added to binder and to high RAP content mixtures. Rutting performance of the binders was evaluated by conducting the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery test, fatigue performance was evaluated by the Linear Amplitude Sweep test, and the degree of separation was measured by conducting the Cigar Tube Test . Also, the effect of a suspension agent on the degree of separation was determined. GTR and Treated GTR significantly improved the rutting and fatigue performance of the asphalt binders. The suspension agent successfully decreased the degree of separation between rubber particles and binder. GTR was introduced into the binder and the resulting rubberized binder was used to design a 9.5 mm Superpave mixture. The Treated GTR was directly added to the mixture. Treated GTR mixtures were mixed and compacted at lower temperatures compared to GTR mixtures. The dynamic modulus was determined using the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester, reflective cracking performance was evaluated using the Texas Overlay Tester, low temperature cracking resistance was evaluated by the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test, and rutting and moisture susceptibility was evaluated using the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device. GTR and Treated GTR made the mixtures slightly more prone to reflective cracking, but improved their resistance to rutting, moisture susceptibility, and low temperature cracking.

Evaluating Effects of Ground Tire Rubber-Modified Asphalt and Dry Added Treated GTR on Performance Characteristics of RAP Mixtures

The recently developed deflection-induced pavement-vehicle interaction analysis links the structural performance of the pavement to the fuel consumption of moving vehicles and the subsequent greenhouse gas emissions during the pavement use-phase. Accurate estimations of these impacts are tightly dependent on the proper evaluation of pavement structural parameters, including the properties of the surface course and underlying layers. A recent study demonstrated that inertia and damping effects of underlying layers must be taken into account for pavements subjected to dynamic loads, and that accurate parameters of pavement model could be backcalculated using the falling weight deflectometer measurements. In this paper, the pavement-vehicle interaction analysis is modified accordingly. Then, a case study is performed using multiple time histories of falling weight deflectometer deflections collected over a year’s time for a rigid and a flexible pavement. Analysis of deflection basins showcases how falling weight deflectometer measurements can be used for estimating the deflection-induced vehicle fuel consumption for both rigid and flexible pavements. The simplicity and accuracy of the demonstrated analyses show a lot of promise for wider application of this methodology, especially regarding sustainable development of pavement network.

Assessment of Pavement Deflection-Caused Fuel Consumption via FWD Data

This paper studies the problem of a slab-on-grade subjected to short-duration dynamic loading. The slab-on-grade system is modelled as a viscoelastic plate resting on a generalised Pasternak foundation, which accounts for the effects of inertia, damping and shear resistance. A semi-analytical forward-solution is proposed by making use of a Hankel transform in space and a finite difference method in time. To evaluate the ability of the considered model to describe the response of slab-on-grade systems, the behaviours of several pavement sections under dynamic loading are examined. A quasi-Newton inverse analysis is employed to find the model parameters by comparing the field-measured and model-calculated responses. The results show that the generalised Pasternak model can simulate the behaviour of slab-on-grade systems with a wide range of slab and grade properties.

Abbas Booshehrian

Papers

Performance Characteristics of High RAP Bio-modified Asphalt Mixtures

Dynamic Viscoelastic Analysis of Falling Weight Deflectometer Deflections for Rigid and Flexible Pavements

Evaluating Effects of Ground Tire Rubber-Modified Asphalt and Dry Added Treated GTR on Performance Characteristics of RAP Mixtures

Assessment of Pavement Deflection-Caused Fuel Consumption via FWD Data

Dynamic analyses of a viscoelastic plate on a generalised Pasternak foundation