A very large number of filamentous fungi has been reported to produce the small lactone mycotoxins patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin. Among the 167 reported fungal producers of patulin, only production by 29 species could be confirmed. Patulin is produced by 3 Aspergillus species, 3 Paecilomyces species, 22 Penicillium species from 7 sections of Penicillium, and one Xylaria species. Among 101 reported producers of penicillic acid, 48 species could produce this mycotoxin. Penicillic acid is produced by 23 species in section Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati section Circumdati, by Malbranchea aurantiaca and by 24 Penicillium species from 9 sections in Penicillium and one species that does not actually belong to Penicillium (P. megasporum). Among 40 reported producers of moniliformin, five species have been regarded as doubtful producers of this mycotoxin or are now regarded as taxonomic synonyms. Moniliformin is produced by 34 Fusarium species and one Penicillium species. All the accepted producers of...

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A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin

Screening and Characterization of Fungi and their associated Mycotoxins in some Fruit Crops

Elaborated regulation of griseofulvin biosynthesis in Penicillium griseofulvum and its role on conidiation and virulence

Mycotoxin production and pathogenicity of Penicillium spp. involved in apple blue mold were investigated. Twenty four isolates representing nine species recovered from blue moldy apple samples were used. Mycotoxin production of these isolates was assayed using HPLC. Statistical analysis of pathogenicity test was undertaken and LSD was used to compare means. Mycotoxin assay revealed that all isolates were capable of producing patulin in their culture media with the highest production (19.70 ppm) from Penicillium griseofulvum isolate No. 14. In respect of other mycotoxins, Penicillium puberulum isolate No. 17 was the highest producer of citrinin (21.63 ppm), while Penicillium verrucosum isolate No. 22 was the highest producer of penicillic acid (8 ppm). Pathogenicity test revealed that all Penicillium isolates were pathogenic, exhibiting variable disease severity toward infested apple fruits. This study showed that all tested Penicillium isolates were virulent for apple fruits and in vitro toxigenic, capable of producing patulin, the characteristic mycotoxin of Penicillium species.

Abd El-Rahim

Papers

Mycotoxin-producing Penicillium species Involved in Apple Blue Mold