Psychologie du travail et des organisations

The way in which organisational commitment influences the relationship between work-family conflict and job satisfaction is a question that has produced contradictory results. We address this issue by developing and testing a model that integrates role conflict theory and major research on organisational commitment, to elucidate the consequences that time-, strain- and behaviour-based conflict have on job satisfaction. The research is based on data collected among Italian nurses, and the results show that time, and strain-based conflict are negatively related to job satisfaction. In addition, affective commitment moderates the relationship between strain-based conflict and job satisfaction, whereas normative commitment moderates the relationship between time-based conflict and job satisfaction. We discuss the implications of these results for theory and practice.

Reducing the effects of work-family conflict on job satisfaction: the kind of commitment matters

Objectives
Karasek's job demand-control model postulates that demand, control, and distress are environmental rather than individual features although these levels are often confounded. The objective was to investigate whether job demand, control, and demand × control predict environmental and individual distress in primary care clinicians, and the mediating role of distress in the relationships between demand and control with intention to leave and absenteeism.

Design
Predictive national survey.

Methods
We invited 2,079 staff from 99 general practices in the United Kingdom (843 GPs and nurses, 1,236 administrators) to complete postal questionnaires assessing distress, intention to leave, absenteeism, job demand, and control. Random intercept multilevel models and bootstrapped mediation models were run to test the study hypotheses.

Results
One thousand five hundred and ninety staff completed questionnaires (77% staff-level response rate; complete responses by ≥80% of all workers in 68 work environments). There was evidence of environmental variation between practices in intention to leave, absenteeism, job demand, and control, but not distress. Job demand and control both significantly predicted distress, and control moderated the relationship between demand and distress with the effects of demand being reduced at low levels by high control. A small indirect effect via distress was observed for the relationship between job demand and absenteeism, and between job control and intention to leave. No support was found for environmental effects of work settings on distress, but there was evidence of individual-level effects.

Conclusions
There is a need for considering environmental and individual levels and a danger of generalizing conclusions from one level to the other.

Statement of contribution
What is already known on this subject? 

Karasek's job demand-control model shows consistent prediction of distress in health professionals.
Environmental and individual features of distress, demand, and control are often confounded.


What does this study add? 

Nationally representative UK survey of doctors, nurses, and admin primary care staff.
Test individual and environment effect of demand and control on distress, absenteeism, leaving intention.
Indirect effect of demand on absenteeism via distress and of control on intention to leave via distress.

Environmental and individual correlates of distress: Testing Karasek's Demand-Control model in 99 primary care clinical environments

In spite of the differences in Human Resource Management (HRM) practices between the non-profit health care sector and business life, the majority of health care sector research appears to be based on the HRM (for Human Resources Management) blueprint for business life staff policy and practice. This study is aimed to better understand the impact of workplace social support in the context of French hospitals. Concrete, the first objective of this article comprises a thorough conceptualization and operationalization of workplace social support (i.e. both professional and personal social support). Data were collected in a French hospital among a sample of 62 respondents (for the qualitative part of our study), and among a sample of 171 health care professionals (nurses and nurse aids) (for the quantitative part of our study). Our outcomes indicate that, especially, personal support given by one's supervisor is strongly and positively related to nurses' and nurse aides' affective commitment. After a discussion about the outcomes, followed by some recommendations for future research, the article concludes with some practical implications for management in hospitals.

Socio-Emotional Support in French Hospitals: Effects on French Nurses' and Nurse Aides’ Affective Commitment

Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: Editorial

Dans l’environnement hospitalier, les infirmiers jouent un role pivot dans la prestation de soin, cette population est particulierement exposee a des niveaux eleves de demande emotionnelle ce qui peut entrainer a terme une insatisfaction, un epuisement professionnel (Dal Santo, Pohl & Battistelli, 2013), un sentiment d’impuissance et d’incapacite a accomplir un travail au niveau attendu (Davezies, 2007). Le soutien organisationnel percu (SOP) a ete suppose et demontre avoir la capacite d’attenuer les effets nefastes des tensions emotionnelles (Pohl, Battistelli & Librecht, 2013; Battistelli, Pohl & Dal Santo, 2012; George, Reed, Ballard; Halbesleben, 2006). Rhoades et Eisenberger (2002) ont ajoute que le soutien du superieur hierarchique (SSP) est defini par la perception qu’a le salarie de la maniere dont son superieur valorise sa contribution, et qui est considere comme la variable qui contribue le plus significativement a la perception du soutien organisationnel. Rhoades et al (2001) ont observes un effet positif du SSP sur l’engagement organisationnel affectif ; (Wayne et al., 1997 ; Moorman et al., 1998) ont demontres un effet direct du SSP sur le bien-etre, la qualite de vie au travail et sur les comportements de citoyennete organisationnelle. Enfin, le developpement recent de la recherche confirme les effets tangibles du soutien du superieur hierarchique sur l’engagement affectif, l’intention de quitter et l’epuisement professionnel en temoignent Simons & Jankowski; 2008). Notre reflexion theorique s’articule en trois points. (1) Etudier les tensions psychologiques (conflit travail/famille-famille/travail) et les caracteristiques du travail (Demande psychologique, Contraintes physiques Complexite du travail…) constitue une cle d’entree qui necessite (2) une reflexion sur le soutien emotionnel au travail ainsi que les strategies de regulation emotionnel comme variables moderatrices, pour (3) etudier les effets de ces variables moderatrices dans les modeles de recherche integrant l’epuisement professionnel, l’engagement organisationnel, satisfaction au travail, la dissonance emotionnelle et le comportement de citoyennete organisationnelle . Mots cle: Tensions au travail (conflit travail/famille-famille/travail) – Caracteristiques du travail (Demande psychologique, Contraintes physique, Complexite du travail) Burnout – Engagement organisationnel– Dissonance emotionnelle – comportement de citoyennete_ Soutien emotionnel au travail –Strategies de regulation emotionnelle.

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Abdelhamid Djediat

Papers

Les exigences du travail et le bien-être dans la profession infirmière : le rôle des ressources émotionnelles