Software defined vehicular networks: A comprehensive review

In the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), a vehicle or the vehicle driver could be recognized and tracked by eavesdropping its queries (e.g., beacons) by an adversary as these contains personal information like location, speed, and communication of the vehicles. This attack leads to threats to the vehicle`s location and leakage of personal information. The current solution, is to use the anonymizer as a third trusted party between the vehicles and the LBS. In this paper we refer to the use of a Fog server with Fog anonymizer to secure the communication among the vehicles and LBS. Our scheme consists of four phases. In first phase, the vehicle driver initiates the communication process and generate the encrypted messages. These messages may contain the sub-messages. In phase 2, the Fog server received the messages via different roots. The Fs combined the messages and decrypt the messages based on the PK received by the vehicle. All the Fog server perform the same task for encryption and decryption. If any of the Fog server was compromised, we still had the link for communication. In Phase 3, the Fog anonymizer receive the messages from the Fog node, anonymize them based on the anonymization process. Thereafter, the Fog anonymizer send these messages to LBS to achieve desired goals. The Fog anonymizer perform the same job for anonymization and de-anonymization, while sending and receiving the messages from the LBS. In the last phase, the LBS received the messages from the Fog anonymizer, understand the communication messages, compile the desired results, and sent them back to the Fog anonymizer. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme preserved the location privacy based on the queries at low communication and computational cost.

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Secure VANETs: Trusted Communication Scheme Between Vehicles and Infrastructure Based on Fog Computing

With the proliferation of embedded technologies and wireless capabilities, today’s vehicles are no longer isolated mechanical machines. They become part of a hyper-connected system -Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)- that has the potential to support multiple levels of autonomy and intelligence improving considerably the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of transportation networks. However, this raises new security issues that make the whole system prone to cybersecurity attacks that threaten both the safety and privacy of all road-users. This article gives a short background tutorial on the main security issues and the different attacks that hinder Intelligent Transport Systems. To enable secure and safe ITS applications, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of existing solutions and highlights their strengths and limitations. Finally, this survey presents key challenges in the field, and discusses recent trends that must be factored in by researchers, implementers, and car manufactures to improve the security of ITS.

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A Survey on the Current Security Landscape of Intelligent Transportation Systems

Smart cities are ecosystems where novel ideas and emerging technologies meet to improve economy, environment, governance, living, and mobility. One of the pillars of smart cities is transport, with the improvement of mobility and the reduction of traffic accidents being some of the current key challenges. With this purpose, this manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art of communications and applications in which different actors of the road are involved. Thus, the objectives of this survey are intended to determine who, when, and about what is being researched around smart cities. Particularly, the goal is to situate the focus of scientific and industrial progress on V2X, I2X, and P2X communication to establish a taxonomy that reduces ambiguous acronyms around the communication between vehicles, infrastructure, and pedestrians, as well as to determine what the trends and future technologies are that will lead to more powerful applications. To this end, this literature review article presents a comprehensive study including a representative collection of the 100 most cited papers and patents published in the literature together with a statistical bibliometric analysis of 14,364 keywords over 3422 contributions between 1997 and 2018. As a result, this work provides a technological profile considering different dimensions along the paper, such as the type of communication, use case, country, organization, terminology, and year.

Review on V2X, I2X, and P2X Communications and Their Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis over Time

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) ensure improvement in road safety and traffic management by allowing the vehicles and infrastructure that are connected to them to exchange safety messages. Due to the open wireless communication channels, security and privacy issues are a major concern in VANETs. A typical attack consists of a malicious third party intercepting, modifying and retransmitting messages. Heterogeneous vehicular communication in VANETs occurs when vehicles (only) or vehicles and other infrastructure communicate using different cryptographic techniques. To address the security and privacy issues in heterogeneous vehicular communication, some heterogeneous signcryption schemes have been proposed. These schemes simultaneously satisfy the confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation security requirements. They however fail to properly address the efficiency with respect to the computational cost involved in unsigncrypting ciphertexts, which is often affected by the speeds at which vehicles travel in VANETs. In this paper, we propose an efficient conditional privacy-preserving hybrid signcryption (CPP-HSC) scheme that uses bilinear pairing to satisfy the security requirements of heterogeneous vehicular communication in a single logical step. Our scheme ensures the transmission of a message from a vehicle with a background of an identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) to a receiver with a background of a public-key infrastructure (PKI). Furthermore, it supports a batch unsigncryption method, which allows the receiver to speed up the process by processing multiple messages simultaneously. The security of our CPP-HSC scheme ensures the indistinguishability against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack (IND-CCA2) under the intractability assumption of q -bilinear Diffie-Hellman inversion ( q -BDHI) problem and the existential unforgeability against adaptive chosen message attack (EUF-CMA) under the intractability assumption of q -strong Diffie-Hellman ( q -SDH) problem in the random oracle model (ROM). The performance analysis indicates that our scheme has an improvement over the existing related schemes with respect to the computational cost without an increase in the communication cost.

An Efficient Hybrid Signcryption Scheme With Conditional Privacy-Preservation for Heterogeneous Vehicular Communication in VANETs

Vehicular communications have developed rapidly contributing to the success of intelligent transportation systems. In VANET, continuous connectivity is a huge challenge caused by the extremely dynamic network topology and the highly variable number of mobile nodes. Moreover, message dissemination efficiency is a serious issue in traffic effectiveness and road safety. The heterogeneous vehicular network, which integrates cellular networks with DSRC, has been suggested and attracted significant attention recently. VANET-cellular integration offers many potential benefits, for instance, high data rates, low latency, and extended communication range. Due to the heterogeneous wireless access, a seamless handover decision is required to guarantee QoS of communications and to maintain continuous connectivity between the vehicles. On the other hand, VANET heterogeneous wireless networks integration will significantly help autonomous cars to be functional in reality. This paper surveys and reviews some related studies in the literature that deals with VANET heterogeneous wireless networks communications in term of vertical handover, data dissemination and collection, gateway selection and other issues. The comparison between different works is based on parameters like bandwidth, delay, throughput, and packet loss. Finally, we outline open issues that help to identify the future research directions of VANET in the heterogeneous environment.

Heterogeneous vehicular communications: A comprehensive study

VANET is an emerging area of wireless ad-hoc networks to contribute in the success of connected vehicles projects The extremely changeable number of mobile nodes and high mobility are challenging issues Furthermore, this particular network has several problems in term of defining suitable schemes and protocols like rate adaptation mechanisms The overall performance of diverse applications in VANET such as traffic control and multimedia delivery is based on the achievement ratio these networks can offer and the network throughput Rate adaptation is an essential technique to evade the performance network degradation and to maximize the throughput by using the estimation of the present channel characteristics and determining the optimal bitrate for subsequent transmissions Despite there are several available rate control algorithms for 80211 WLANs standards, there are few works devoted to the rate adaptation for the standard of vehicular networks In this paper, we compare and evaluate the existing data rate adaptation schemes in numerous vehicular environments to recognize their behavior and analyze their performance in diverse scenarios Six algorithms were chosen for comparison using the NS-3 simulator: AARF, AARF-CD, AMRR, CARA, Onoe, and Minstrel The simulation outcomes demonstrate that Minstrel algorithm outperforms the remaining five mechanisms in dense and dynamic situations

Abdennour Zekri

Papers

Heterogeneous vehicular communications: A comprehensive study

Performance evaluation of rate adaptation algorithms for seamless heterogeneous vehicular communications