https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/86262/1/06-061.pdf

Capital-Energy Substitution and Shifts in Factor Demand: A Meta-Analysis

With its rapid economic growth, China's primary energy consumption has exceeded domestic energy production since 1994, leading to a substantial expansion in energy imports, particularly of oil. China's energy demand has an increasingly significant impact on global energy markets. In this paper Allen partial elasticities of factor and energy substitution, and price elasticities of energy demand, are calculated for China using a two-stage translog cost function approach. The results suggest that energy is substitutable with both capital and labour. Coal is significantly substitutable with electricity and complementary with diesel while gasoline and electricity are substitutable with diesel. China's energy intensity is increasing during the study period (1995-2004) and the major driver appears to be due to the increased use of energy intensive technology.

/pdf/china-s-energy-economy-technical-change-factor-demand-and-xfqj5vaglv.pdf

China's Energy Economy: Technical Change, Factor Demand and Interfactor/Interfuel Substitution

Over the last twenty years, many studies have been made of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. The reported estimates are highly variable, and reveal an apparent dichotomy between cross-sectional and time-series studies. The former suggest that capital and energy are substitutes while the latter suggest the converse. All these studies reported Allen partial elasticities of substitution. We suggest that the Morishima elasticity may be a more useful measure for the issues of concern to capital energy substitution. We calculate the Morishima elasticities from parameters estimated in a selection of earlier studies and find no excessive variability, nor any evidence of the time-series/cross-section dichotomy. Capital and energy are Morishima substitutes. Copyright 1995 by MIT Press.

The Capital-Energy Substitutability Debate: A New Look

https://motu-www.motu.org.nz/wpapers/09_02.pdf

Abdessalem Aoun

Papers

Impacts of technological change on factor substitution between energy and other inputs within US agriculture, 1950-79.

Determinants of Farm Mechanization in Kentucky: An Econometric Analysis