Constructed wetlands (CWs) are affordable and reliable green technologies for the treatment of various types of wastewater. Compared to conventional treatment systems, CWs offer an environmentally friendly approach, are low cost, have fewer operational and maintenance requirements, and have a high potential for being applied in developing countries, particularly in small rural communities. However, the sustainable management and successful application of these systems remain a challenge. Therefore, after briefly providing basic information on wetlands and summarizing the classification and use of current CWs, this study aims to provide and inspire sustainable solutions for the performance and application of CWs by giving a comprehensive review of CWs' application and the recent development of their sustainable design, operation, and optimization for wastewater treatment. To accomplish this objective, thee design and management parameters of CWs, including macrophyte species, media types, water level, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and hydraulic loading rate (HLR), are discussed. Besides these, future research on improving the stability and sustainability of CWs are highlighted. This article provides a tool for researchers and decision-makers for using CWs to treat wastewater in a particular area. This paper presents an aid for informed analysis, decision-making, and communication. The review indicates that major advances in the design, operation, and optimization of CWs have greatly increased contaminant removal efficiencies, and the sustainable application of this treatment system has also been improved.

Design, Operation and Optimization of Constructed Wetland for Removal of Pollutant.

Applying rhizobacteria consortium for the enhancement of Scirpus grossus growth and phytoaccumulation of Fe and Al in pilot constructed wetlands.

Iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) contamination due to mining activities has increased considerably and became a serious environmental problem. Phytoremediation is an emerging green technology that uses plants to treat heavy metal contaminated environment. In this study, Scirpus grossus was exposed to synthetic mining wastewater (binary mixture of Fe and Al with a mass ratio of 3:1) to assess its ability to phytoremediate Fe and Al with different treatment concentrations (90 mg/L Fe + 30 mg/L Al – 450 mg/L Fe + 150 mg/L Al). The plants were exposed for 102 d in a subsurface batch system. The results show that the S. grossus accumulated Fe and Al simultaneously in biomass throughout the study. The maximum accumulations of Fe and Al were found on Day 42 in the plant roots (50,277 mg/kg Fe in 450 mg/L Fe + 150 mg/L Al treatment and 7,744 mg/kg Al in 300 mg/L Fe + 100 mg/L Al treatment). The bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor of S. grossus were found to be greater than 1 and less than 1, respectively, for the two metals, indicating that this species is a hyperaccumulator that uses phytostabilization in the phytoremediation of Fe and Al.

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Simultaneous bioaccumulation and translocation of iron and aluminium from mining wastewater by Scirpus grossus

Phytoremediation using the tropical plant Melastoma malabathricum L. has been investigated as an alternative to conventional treatment methods for the remediation of lead (Pb) contamination in soil. In the present study, lead (Pb) bioaccumulation by M. malabathricum L. was evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to maximize the removal of lead (Pb), with three major variables employed (Pb concentration in sand: 20–70 mg/kg; exposure time: 14–70 days; aeration rate: 0–3 mL/min) in the optimization. The predicted optimum conditions were 44.1 mg Pb/kg for the lead (Pb) concentration in sand, an exposure time of 14 day and 0 L/min aeration rate, with an actual lead (Pb) bioaccumulation of 3596.0 mg Pb/kg. This value compares well to the value predicted by RSM (3855.1 mg Pb/kg). The difference between the validation value and the predicted value was within 6.7%, indicating that RSM was able to predict the optimum lead (Pb) bioaccumulation precisely with very low error. The maximum lead (Pb) bioaccumulation can be attained without requirement of aeration, resulting in a cost-effective treatment system.

Optimization of lead (Pb) bioaccumulation in Melastoma malabathricum L. by response surface methodology (RSM)

Response and capability of Scirpus mucronatus (L.) in phytotreating petrol-contaminated soil.

Arsenic (As) is in the first rank of dangerous and toxic chemicals. A phytotoxicity bioassay was used to select plant species for phytoremediation that were able to remove As from a contaminated site. Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven has been described as a plant that can survive on a contaminated site in Malaysia. In this study, the phytotoxicity and uptake of As by L. octovalvis were examined at various As concentrations of 5, 22, and 39 mg/kg in a pilot reed bed system. The total extractable As and bioavailable As concentrations were determined using the wet digestion method and a solution of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium (Na2-EDTA) respectively. Results showed symptoms of phytotoxicity at all As concentrations after 42 days of exposure as the ratio of plant numbers to total mass of As was low. An increase in As-induced symptoms of phytotoxicity occurred with increasing As concentration in the spiked sand and with days of exposure. The concentration of the bioavailable As in...

Phytotoxicity and Uptake of Arsenic by Ludwigia octovalvis in a Pilot Reed Bed System

Fermented camel’s milk has various health beneficial prebiotics and probiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enriched camel milk (BEY) in 2-, 4- and 6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice models. To this end, the immune modulatory effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) on TNF-α challenged HT29 colon cells were estimated using the cell proliferation and cytokines ELISA method. BEY was prepared using the incubation method and nutritional value was quantified by comparing it to commercial yogurt. Furthermore, TNBS-induced colitis was established and the level of disease index, pathological scores, and inflammatory markers of BEY-treated mice using macroscopic and microscopic examinations, qPCR and immunoblot were investigated. The results demonstrate that BA is non-toxic to HT29 colon cells and balanced the inflammatory cytokines. BEY reduced the colitis disease index, and improved the body weight and colon length of the TNBS-induced mice. Additionally, Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL8 and TNF-α) were attenuated by BEY treatment. Moreover, the inflammatory progress mRNA and protein markers nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and occludin were significantly down-regulated by BEY treatment. Interestingly, significant suppression of PCNA was observed in colonic tissues using the immunohistochemical examination. Treatment with BEY increased the epigenetic (microRNA217) interactions with PCNA. In conclusion, the BEY clearly alleviated the colitis symptoms and in the future could be used to formulate a probiotic-based diet for the host gut health and control the inflammatory bowel syndrome in mammals.

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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Enriched Camel Milk Attenuated Colitis Symptoms in Mice Model

8-Hydroxyquinoline a natural chelating agent from Streptomyces spp. inhibits A549 lung cancer cell lines via BCL2/STAT3 regulating pathways

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a distinct autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorder, affects millions of people worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. Changes in the gut microbiome are linked to the development of neuroinflammation via mechanisms that are not fully understood. Prebiotics and probiotics in camel milk that has been fermented have a variety of health benefits. In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-supplemented camel milk (BASY) was used to assess its preventive effect on MS symptoms in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-immunized C57BL6J mice model. To this end, MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was established and the level of disease index, pathological scores, and anti-inflammatory markers of BASY-treated mice using macroscopic and microscopic examinations, qPCR and immunoblot were investigated. The results demonstrate that BASY significantly reduced the EAE disease index, increased total microbial load (2.5 fold), and improved the levels of the short-chain fatty acids propionic, butyric and caproic acids in the diseased mice group. Additionally, myeloperoxidase (MPO) proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β) were regulated by BASY treatment. Significant suppression of MPO and VCAM levels were noticed in the BASY-treated group (from 168 to 111 µM and from 34 to 27 pg/mL, respectively), in comparison to the EAE group. BASY treatment significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory progression related transcripts, and inflammatory progression protein markers. In conclusion, BASY significantly reduced the symptoms of EAE mice and may be used to develop a probiotic-based diet to promote host gut health. The cumulative findings of this study confirm the significant neuroprotection of BASY in the MOG-induced mice model. They could also suggest a novel approach to the treatment of MS-associated disorders.

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Bacillus amyloliquifaciens-Supplemented Camel Milk Suppresses Neuroinflammation of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammatory Markers

AbdullahSiti Rozaimah Sheikh

Papers

Phytotoxicity and Uptake of Arsenic by Ludwigia octovalvis in a Pilot Reed Bed System

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Enriched Camel Milk Attenuated Colitis Symptoms in Mice Model

8-Hydroxyquinoline a natural chelating agent from Streptomyces spp. inhibits A549 lung cancer cell lines via BCL2/STAT3 regulating pathways

8-Hydroxyquinoline a natural chelating agent from Streptomyces spp. inhibits A549 lung cancer cell lines via BCL2/STAT3 regulating pathways

Bacillus amyloliquifaciens-Supplemented Camel Milk Suppresses Neuroinflammation of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammatory Markers