It is an exciting time for power systems as there are many ground-breaking changes happening simultaneously. There is a global concensus in increasing the share of renewable energy-based generation in the overall mix, transitioning to a more environmental-friendly transportation with electric vehicles as well as liberalizing the electricity markets, much to the distaste of traditional utility companies. All of these changes are against the status quo and introduce new paradigms in the way the power systems operate. The generation penetrates distribution networks, renewables introduce intermittency, and liberalized markets need more competitive operation with the existing assets. All of these challenges require using some sort of storage device to develop viable power system operation solutions. There are different types of storage systems with different costs, operation characteristics, and potential applications. Understanding these is vital for the future design of power systems whether it be for short-term transient operation or long-term generation planning. In this paper, the state-of-the-art storage systems and their characteristics are thoroughly reviewed along with the cutting edge research prototypes. Based on their architectures, capacities, and operation characteristics, the potential application fields are identified. Finally, the research fields that are related to energy storage systems are studied with their impacts on the future of power systems.

Comparative Review of Energy Storage Systems, Their Roles, and Impacts on Future Power Systems

This paper aims at modelling an electronically coupled distributed energy resource with an adaptive protection scheme. The electronically coupled distributed energy resource is a microgrid framework formed by coupling the renewable energy source electronically. Further, the proposed adaptive protection scheme provides a suitable protection to the microgrid for various fault conditions irrespective of the operating mode of the microgrid: namely, grid connected mode and islanded mode. The outstanding aspect of the developed adaptive protection scheme is that it monitors the microgrid and instantly updates relay fault current according to the variations that occur in the system. The proposed adaptive protection scheme also employs auto reclosures, through which the proposed adaptive protection scheme recovers faster from the fault and thereby increases the consistency of the microgrid. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive protection is studied through the time domain simulations carried out in the PSCAD ⧹ EMTDC software environment.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/661876.pdf

Adaptive protection scheme for smart microgrid with electronically coupled distributed generations

WWW: http://www.esat.kuleuven.be/electa Abstract --Theapplication oflocal generators in distribution gridshasconsequences fortheprotection system.In thispaper,protection issuesconcerning distributed generation arediscussed, followed by a discussion oftheresults ofsimulations. Thesesimulations concerntheeffect of localinduction generators on protection selectivity inasystem withparallel distribution feeders andtheeffect onfault detection. Itisfoundthatlocal induction generator canposea selectivity problem inasystem withparallel feeders whena line-to-line fault ora doubleline-to-ground fault occurs. Regarding thefault current detected atthebeginning ofa feeder, detected current islowest whenaline-to-line fault or a line-to-ground faultoccurs. Depending on therelay settings, this canresult inadetection problem. IndexTerms--Distributed generation, powersystem protection, selectivity, induction generator, powersystem simulation, short-circuit current.

Protection IssuesinMicrogridswithMultiple Distributed Generation Units

This paper presents an implementation of an IEC 61850-based real-time co-simulation platform for verification of the performance of a volt-VAR optimization (VVO) engine for smart distribution networks. The proposed VVO engine is able to minimize grid loss, volt-VAR control asset operational costs, and conservation voltage reduction operational costs through its comprehensive objective functions, weighted by fuzzification using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data. The optimization engine receives the AMI data stream through measurement aggregators. Moreover, it sends control commands to volt-VAR control components modeled in real-time digital simulator (RTDS) through DNP.3 protocol. To check the performance and the precision of proposed VVO, a fault scenario is imposed upon the system. IEC 61850 GOOSE messages are generated and sent to change the status of specified breakers, while the VVO engine receives system reconfiguration commands via IEC61850 Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) protocol. The results of the study on 33-node feeder showed adequate performance of proposed VVO in grid operating scenarios.

Real-Time Co-Simulation Platform for Smart Grid Volt-VAR Optimization Using IEC 61850

There is growing awareness towards cybersecurity threats in power systems. Deployment of more intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and the communication lines increase the probability of such attacks. IEC 61850 standard facilitates communication between different IEDs and eases interoperable operation with set data and message structures. An unwanted consequence of this standardized communication over ethernet is increased viability to cyber threats. Replay and masquerade attacks are, especially, of concern due to their imminent impact on the operation. While detecting replay attacks is easier, since the original messages are used for the attack, masquerade attack messages may be difficult to distinguish from original ones. Furthermore, inadequate mitigation approaches may be tricked by the hackers and the system starts the attacker as the authentic sender and discards original messages from authentic sources. It is vital to develop an approach that incorporates message authentication. In this fashion, when the hackers modify the message contents to by-pass security systems, the tampering can be detected, and the messages will be discarded. This paper analyses replay and masquerade attacks on IEC 61850 GOOSE messages and develops a solution to mitigates both of those. To detect modified messages, two distinct authentication mechanisms are utilized: RSA since it is the algorithm stipulated in IEC 62351-6 and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) due to its widespread use in smartgrid cybersecurity solutions. A full solution to mitigate GOOSE replay and masquerade attacks is developed based on the proposed framework in IEC 62351 standard. Full implementation is tested in the lab and results are included to show the viability of the solution.

/pdf/a-novel-approach-for-mitigation-of-replay-and-masquerade-4r4r2p927i.pdf

A Novel Approach for Mitigation of Replay and Masquerade Attacks in Smartgrids Using IEC 61850 Standard

Microgrid operation schemes have evolved dramatically because of the recent changes in electrical networks Coupled with Smart Grid concepts, microgrids are required to be more intelligent and establish communication with its components In order to support reliable and sustainable power delivery amidst rising deployments of Distributed Generations (DGs), the existing protection schemes have to be replaced with the next generation dynamic ones At any point in time, microgrid may disconnect from the utility grid and continue its operation under islanding conditions Furthermore, some microgrids may have changing topology with alternative paths due to time-varying nature of both power generation and consumption in the system To address the above challenges, in this paper the authors propose an adaptive microgrid protection scheme that utilizes the benefits of bi-directional communication capability of the Smart Grid A wide-area wireless communications network based on WiMAX technology has been used as a proof of concept for proposed microgrid protection scheme Simulations were conducted using OPNET and the initial results indicate that a WiMAX network meets the latency requirement of the proposed microgrid protection scheme

An adaptive microgrid protection scheme based on a wide-area smart grid communications network

Due to the recent changes in electrical networks, microgrid operation schemes have evolved dramatically. Coupled with smartgrid concepts, microgrids are required to be more intelligent and establish communication with its components. In order to sustain reliable and sustainable power delivery under heavy deployments of Distributed Generators (DGs), passive power network operation schemes have to be replaced with new generation dynamic methods. Utilization of communication in microgrids brings about new challenges such as communication reliability, time delays, plug-and-play and standardization considerations. Having a standard communication procedure has utmost importance in a network where there are different equipments manufactured by different vendors and having different features. IEC61850 substation communication standard has been introduced by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to address this challenge. It has received much attention in power engineering circles and several pilot projects have been implemented. As a result, it has been found out that several concepts such as interoperability and interchangeability have to be considered in networks designed with IEC communication standards. This paper summarizes the latest developments in this field and discusses the required steps that shall be taken to unleash capabilities of microgrids in current smart network era.

Interoperability and interchangeability considerations in microgrids employing IEC61850 standard

Digital Technology has significantly contributed to the advancement of Protection and Automation gear; recent years have witnessed a great development of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) which can be described as multipurpose and multifunctional relays. These devices are fitted with various communication interfaces such as serial and Ethernet. Proprietary protocols for the communication of IEDs are no longer sufficient. Hence, protocols such as IEC1850, which utilize Ethernet networks, were developed to harness the full potential of IED-to-IED communication, as well as to standardise all aspects of Control and Automation communication functions. However, connecting several IEDs from different vendors via IEC 61850 standard and configuring them is not a trivial task. Various parameters should be known and inputted to communication software. This paper illustrates how IEC61850 based Protection IEDs are deployed, configured and managed over Omicron's IEDScout software. Victoria University's portable IEC 61850 test rack which is composed of several IEDs has been utilized in this research work. It provides valuable hands-on experiences to researchers and professionals who would like to keep abreast with IEC61850 standard and the equipment which is compatible with it. There many vendors with many Software packages to interact with relays and carry out the necessary configuration. Future work will discuss other substation automation packages and procedures.

Using IEDScout software for managing multivendor IEC61850 IEDs in substation automation systems

Smart Electric Power Utilities, this paper provides an overview of cyber security issues and their effects on the modern power communication system that is based on the IEC 61850 Standard In addition, a summary of IEC 61850 and its data structures is also presented This paper discusses and examines some of the security measures and algorithms that are used as a defence mechanism against cyber threats targeted at critical infrastructure control and its protection functions The impact of authentication either by cipher blocks or hashing on GOOSE and SVM performance was also examined A minimal impact on the performance constraints of GOOSE and SVM messages was observed, but this finding is inconclusive as the study was carried out on desktop computers mimicking IEDs To confirm the findings similar studies must be carried out on IEDs or embedded devices such as the ones employed in a real substation

Powerful IEDs, ethernet networks and their effects on IEC 61850-based electric power utilities security

Currently, most of the transmission line infrastructure are being considered for an overhaul due to aging, detrition and overloaded In light of this, the authors believe it is a good time for investing in a new technology so that the network can truly meet most of the challenges

Abdulrahman Hadbah

Papers

An adaptive microgrid protection scheme based on a wide-area smart grid communications network

Interoperability and interchangeability considerations in microgrids employing IEC61850 standard

Using IEDScout software for managing multivendor IEC61850 IEDs in substation automation systems

Powerful IEDs, ethernet networks and their effects on IEC 61850-based electric power utilities security

Performance analysis of HTS cables with variable load demand