Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say Richard Black, Stephen R. G. Bennett, Sandy M. Thomas and John R. Beddington.

/pdf/climate-change-migration-as-adaptation-3n820ibivg.pdf

Climate change: Migration as adaptation

Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Douglas S. Massey. Rafael Alarcon, Jorge Durand, and Humberto Gonzales. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. + 335 pp., maps, figures, tables, bibliography, index. $37.50 (cloth). ISBN0-520-06079-2

Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico

Are African Households (Not) Leaving Agriculture? : Patterns of Households’ Income Sources in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Workers’ remittance and compensation of employees received in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA)
increased from USD 1.398 billion in 1980 to USD 4.834 billion in 2000 and soared to USD
21.101 billion in 2010. The impact of remittance on recipient economy requires further empirical
investigation as there has not been consensus on whether remittance induces “financial
prodigality” or investment in Africa. Differing from extant studies, this study employed rule of law,
regulatory quality and government effectiveness as indicators of institutional quality. This is with
a view to exploring how institutional quality and financial depth interact with remittance to
influence investment in 44 African countries (1995-2010). The major finding from the study, inter
alia, is that institutional quality and financial depth play complimentary role in influencing
remittance for investment in Africa. This study concludes that the impact of Africa’s money in
Africa will be enhanced in the presence of reliable institutional quality and viable financial sector.
Thus, the side effect of “financial prodigality” that might be associated with remittance can be
ameliorated.

Africa's Money in Africa

Background 
The large-scale emigration of physicians from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to high-income nations is a serious development concern. Our objective was to determine current emigration trends of SSA physicians found in the physician workforce of the United States.


Methods and Findings 
We analyzed physician data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Workforce Statistics along with graduation and residency data from the 2011 American Medical Association Physician Masterfile (AMA-PM) on physicians trained or born in SSA countries who currently practice in the US. We estimated emigration proportions, year of US entry, years of practice before emigration, and length of time in the US. According to the 2011 AMA-PM, 10,819 physicians were born or trained in 28 SSA countries. Sixty-eight percent (n = 7,370) were SSA-trained, 20% (n = 2,126) were US-trained, and 12% (n = 1,323) were trained outside both SSA and the US. We estimated active physicians (age ≤70 years) to represent 96% (n = 10,377) of the total. Migration trends among SSA-trained physicians increased from 2002 to 2011 for all but one principal source country; the exception was South Africa whose physician migration to the US decreased by 8% (−156). The increase in last-decade migration was >50% in Nigeria (+1,113) and Ghana (+243), >100% in Ethiopia (+274), and >200% (+244) in Sudan. Liberia was the most affected by migration to the US with 77% (n = 175) of its estimated physicians in the 2011 AMA-PM. On average, SSA-trained physicians have been in the US for 18 years. They practiced for 6.5 years before US entry, and nearly half emigrated during the implementation years (1984–1999) of the structural adjustment programs.


Conclusion 
Physician emigration from SSA to the US is increasing for most SSA source countries. Unless far-reaching policies are implemented by the US and SSA countries, the current emigration trends will persist, and the US will remain a leading destination for SSA physicians emigrating from the continent of greatest need.

Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

/pdf/physician-emigration-from-sub-saharan-africa-to-the-united-4bntol6ayg.pdf

Physician Emigration from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States: Analysis of the 2011 AMA Physician Masterfile

International migration has profound implications for human welfare, and African governments have had only a limited influence on welfare outcomes, for good or ill. Improved efforts to manage migration will require information on the nature and impact of migratory patterns. This book seeks to contribute toward this goal, by reviewing previous research and providing new analyses (including surveys and case studies) as well as by formulating policy recommendations that can improve the migration experience for migrants, origin countries, and destination countries. The book comprises this introduction and summary and four chapters. Chapter one reviews the data on African migration and considers the challenges African governments face in managing migration. Chapter two discusses the importance of remittances, the most tangible link between migration and development; it also identifies policies that can facilitate remittance flows to Africa and increase their development impact. Chapter three analyzes high-skilled emigration and analyzes policies that can limit adverse implications and maximize positive implications for development. Chapter four considers ways in which Africa can leverage its diaspora resources to increase trade, investment, and access to technology.

/pdf/leveraging-migration-for-africa-remittances-skills-and-qxplb1mgj1.pdf

Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills, and Investments

Leveraging Migration for Africa : Remittances, Skills, and Investments [Optimisation du phénomène migratoire pour l’Afrique : Envois de fonds, compétences et investissements]

Abebe Shimeles

Papers

Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills, and Investments

Leveraging Migration for Africa : Remittances, Skills, and Investments [Optimisation du phénomène migratoire pour l’Afrique : Envois de fonds, compétences et investissements]