Factors influencing urinary tract infections depend on a balance between bacterial virulence (bacterial adhesion to tissues, hemolysin, and aerobactin) and on the host's defenses (local immunoglobulin production). Predisposing factors for the development of urinary tract infections in women are physiologic changes with aging, use of catheters, and genitourinary operations. Therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infections usually consists of a single dose of medication for 3 to 7 days, although the 1-day regimen was proved to be quite effective. Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections is by intravenous medications. New drugs for treatment of urinary tract infections are also reviewed.

Urinary tract infections in women.

Recent trends in mechanical micropumps and their applications: A review

Fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp) caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f sp cubense (Foc) is a typical soilborne disease, that severely devastates the banana industry worldwide, and soil microbial diversity is closely related to the spread of Fusarium wilt To understand the relationship between microbial species and Fusarium wilt, it is important to understand the microbial diversity of the Fusarium wilt-diseased and disease-free soils from banana fields Based on sequencing analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, Foc abundance, fungal or bacterial richness and diversity were higher in the diseased soils than in the disease-free soils Although Ascomycota and Zygomycota were the most abundant fungi phyla in all soil samples, Ascomycota abundance was significantly reduced in the disease-free soils Mortierella (3664%) was predominant in the disease-free soils Regarding bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospirae, Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes were dominant phyla in all soil samples In particular, Firmicutes contributed 1620% of the total abundance of disease-free soils At the bacterial genus level, Bacillus, Lactococcus and Pseudomonas were abundant in disease-free soils with abundances of 820, 581 and 271%, respectively; lower abundances, of 412, 235 and 136%, respectively, were found in diseased soils The distribution characteristics of fungal and bacterial genera may contribute to the abundance decrease of Foc in the disease-free soils Unique distributions of bacteria and fungi were observed in the diseased and disease-free soil samples from banana fields These specific genera are useful for constructing a healthy microbial community structure of soil

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Deciphering microbial diversity associated with Fusarium wilt-diseased and disease-free banana rhizosphere soil.

The increase in the anthropogenic impact has induced a constant discharge of new substances into the environment. Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) belong to this group of emerging contaminants that began to be widely detected in various water matrices and has drawn attention due to their toxicity. The presence of EDCs in water and wastewater has become a global concern because of the health problems that this class of contaminants could cause in the endocrine system of animals and humans; and the uncertainty around their fate and longlasting effects. Recently, novel advanced analytical technologies have allowed the identification of these compounds and their structures, and therefore the proposition of suitable treatment processes. Here, we review the classification, incidence and impact of EDCs detected in water and wastewater. We also review the detection methods and which treatments processes have been studied by the major publications of the last decade and their future perspectives.

Endocrine-disrupting compounds: Occurrence, detection methods, effects and promising treatment pathways—A critical review

Infrageneric phylogenetics investigation of Chimonanthus based on electroactive compound profiles

Chromatography is the term used to describe a separation technique in which a mobile phase carrying a mixture is caused
to move in contact with a selectively absorbent stationary phase. It also plays a fundamental role as an analytical
technique for quality control and standardization of phyto therapeuticals. Gas Chromatography is used in the separation
and analysis of multi component mixtures such as essential oils, hydrocarbons and solvents. Various temperature
programs can be used to make the readings more meaningful; for example to differentiate between substances that
behave similarly during the GC process. Intrinsically, with the use of the flame ionization detector and the electron
capture detector (which have very high sensitivities) gas chromatography can quantitatively determine materials present
at very low concentrations. Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities. In
general, these secondary metabolites are an important source with a variety of structural arrangements and properties.
Gas chromatography - specifically gas-liquid chromatography - involves a sample being vapourised and injected onto the
head of the chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile
phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid. The
principle of gas chromatography is adsorption and partition. Within the family of chromatography- based methods gas
chromatography (GC) is one of the most widely used techniques. GC-MS has become a highly recommended tool for
monitoring and tracking organic pollutants in the environment. GC-MS is exclusively used for the analysis of esters, fatty
acids, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes etc. It is the key tool used in sports anti-doping laboratories to test athlete’s urine
samples for prohibited performanceenhancing drugs like anabolic steroids. Several GC-MS have left earth for the astro
chemistry studies. As a unique and powerful technology the GC-MS provides a rare opportunity to perform the analysis
of new compounds for characterization and identification of synthesized or derivatized compound.

A Review: Uses of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds of Some Plants

The objectives of this study were analysis of the secondary metabolite products and evaluation antibacterial activity.
Bioactives are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites. Thirty six bioactive compounds were
identified in the methanolic extract of Malva sylvestris. The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on
the peak area, retention time molecular weight and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of Malva sylvestris revealed the
existence of the1-Propanamine , 2-methyl-N-(2-methylpropyldene)- , Pyrrolidine,1-(1-oxo-2,5-octadecadienyl)- ,
Dimethyl sulfoxide , Cyclohexylamine ,N-ethyl- , N-(2-Methylbutylidene)isobutylamine , 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolideethanol ,
2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine , 1-Butanamine , 2-methyl-N-(2-methylbutylidene)- , 4-(Pyrrolidin-2-
ylcarbonyl)morpholine , Dithiocarbamate , S-methyl-,N-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)- , l-Gala-l-ido-octonic lactone , 1-(5'-
methylfurfuryl)pyrrolidine , 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol , Pyrrolizin-1,7-dione-6-carboxylic acid , methyl(ester) , 1-
Naphthaienol , 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,5,8-trimethyl- , Pterin-6-carboxylic acid , N-(2-Acetamido)iminodiacetic acid , N-(1-
Hydroxy-4-oxo-1-phenylperhydroquinolizin-3-yl)carbamic , Cyclopropanedodecanoic acid , 2-octyl-,methyl ester ,
Cholestan-3-ol,2-methylene-,(3?,5?)- , 3-(N,N-Dimethyllaurylammonio)propanesulfonate , Pyrazole[4,5-b]imidazole ,
1-formyl-3-ethyl-6-?-d-ribofuranosyl- , Octahydrobenzo[b]pyran , 4a-acetoxy-5,5,8a-trimethyl- , Tetraacetyl-d-xylonic
nitrile , 4,6-Heptadien-3-one,1,7-diphenyl- , Pentanoic acid ,2,2,4-trimethyl-3-carboxyisopropyl , isobutyl ester , DFructose
, diethyl mercaptal, pentaacetate , Phytol , Hexadecanamide , Tributyl acetylcitrate , Cholestan-3-one,cyclic 1,2-
ethanediyl aetal , (5?)- , Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate ( ester)- , 9-Desoxo-9-x-acetoxy-3,8,12-tri-O-acetylingol ,
(+)-y-Tocopherol, O-methyl- , Campesterol and Stigmasterol.

Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Malva sylvestris

Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. According to World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of the world population rely chiefly on plant based traditional medicine specially for their primary health care needs and there has been a worldwide move towards the use of traditional medicines due to concerns over the more invasive, expensive and potentially toxic main stream practices. This review gives a bird’s eye view on the updated information on urinary tract infections (UTIs), different categories of urologic herbs, historical use and modern scientific investigations on some important urologic herbs, clinical studies, some isolated chemical compounds and their possible side effects.

Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Urinary Tract Infections

The objectives of this study were analysis of the secondary metabolite products and evaluation antibacterial activity.
Bioactives are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites. Thirty three bioactive compounds were
identified in the methanolic extract of Vitis vinifera. The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on the
peak area, retention time molecular weight and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of Vitis vinifera revealed the
existence of the Butanol , 2-nitro , α-D-Glucopyranoside , methyl 3,6-anhydro , Propanedioic acid , amino -, diethyl
ester, DL-Arabinose , Hexadecenoic acid, Furfural, 1H-Pyrazole-1-carbothioamide , 3,5-dimethyl- , 2-Furanmethanol ,
2(1H) Pyrazinone, o-Acetyl-L-serine , 1-Nitro-2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxy-d-mannitol, 6-Oxa-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one ,
Acetic acid , 2,2'-[oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy)]bis- , Desulphosinigrin, D-Glucose , 6-o-α-D-galactopyranosyl-,
Cyclohexene , 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-,(S)-, -D-Glucopyranoside , O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-β- , 2,5-
Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone , Cis-2-Ethyl-2-hexen-1-ol, Maltose , 7-Oxa-2-oxa-7-
thiatricyclo[4.4.0.0(3,80]decan-4-ol , 1-Gala-l-ido-octonic lactone , 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural , Cyclohexene-1-
methanol,α,α,4-trimethyl-,propanoate , Hydroxymethylfurfural , Octanamide,N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-, 1,2,4-Trioxolane-2-
octanoic acid , 5-octyl-,methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid , (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl ester 9,10-Secocholesta-
5,7,10(19)-triene-3,24,25-triol,(3β,5Z,7E)-, 13-Heptadecyn-1-ol Hexadecanoic acid , 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-
ethanediyl ester, 9-Octadecenamide ,(Z).

Determination of Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic Extract of Vitis vinifera Using GC-MS

Plants play an important role in providing food for humans. Among plants economic significance medicinal and aromatic
plants which played a critical where it used as therapeutic agents to a long time. Thirty bioactive phytochemical
compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Sinapis arvensis: Erythritol , Nitro-2-propanol ,
Cyclopentanemethylamine ,2-isopropylidene-N,N,5-trimethyl, Furfural , 3-(1,3-Dihydroxyisopropyl)-1,5,8,11-
tetraoxacyclotridecane , 3-Azabutyl-1-ol,4-cyclopropyl-3,3-dimethyl-,bromide , 1-Butene , 4-isothiocyanato- , 2,4-
Difluorobenzene , 1-benzyloxy- , Eicosanoic acid , phenylmethyl ester , α-D-Glucopyranoside ,O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-
(1.fwdarw.3)-β- , Trigonelline , 4H-Pyran-4-one ,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl , Estragole , Pentanenitrile , 5-
(methylthio)- , 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural , Eugenol , Maltose , 2H-Thiopyran-3,5-diol ,tetrahydro-4-nitro-,monoacetate (
ester) , Tetraacetyl-d-xylonic nitrile , 3,6-Diazahomoadamantan-9-one Hydrazone , 9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-
triene-3,24,25-triol , (3β,5Z,7E)- , 13-Heptadecyn-1-ol , Tributyl acetylcitrate , E)-13-Docosenoic acid , Phthalic acid ,
decyl oct-3-yl ester , γ-Tocopherol , Desoxo-9x-hydroxy-7-ketoingol 3,8,9,12-tetraacetate , Campesterol , γ-Sitosterol ,
. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular
formula, MS Fragment- ions and Pharmacological actions.

Abeer Fauzi Al-Rubaye

Papers

A Review: Uses of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds of Some Plants

Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Malva sylvestris

Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Urinary Tract Infections

Determination of Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic Extract of Vitis vinifera Using GC-MS

Determination of Bioactive Chemical Composition of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Sinapis arvensis Using GC-MS Technique