In the near future, deep learning algorithms will be incorporated in several applications for assisting the human beings. The deep learning algorithms have the tendency to allow a computer to work on its assumption. Most of the deep learning algorithms mimic the human brain’s neuron connection to leverage an artificial intelligence to the computer system. This helps to improve the operational speed and accuracy on several critical tasks. This paper projects the blocks, which are required for the incorporation of deep learning based algorithm. Also, the paper attempts to deeply analyze the necessity of the preprocessing step over several deep learning based applications.

https://irojournals.com/iroiip/V3/I1/06.pdf

A Study to Find Facts Behind Preprocessing on Deep Learning Algorithms

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are subject to failures during their operation due to the aging effects and external/environmental conditions. These faults may affect the different system components such as PV modules, connection lines, converters/inverters, which can lead to a decrease in the efficiency, performance, and further system collapse. Thus, a key factor to be taken into consideration in high-efficiency grid-connected PV systems is the fault detection and diagnosis (FDD). The performance of the FDD method depends mainly on the quality of the extracted features including real-time changes, phase changes, trend changes, and faulty modes. Thus, the data representation learning is the core stage of intelligent FDD techniques. Recently, due to the enhancement of computing capabilities, the increase of the big data use, and the development of effective algorithms, the deep learning (DL) tool has witnessed a great success in data science. Therefore, this paper proposes an extensive review on deep learning based FDD methods for PV systems. After a brief description of the DL-based strategies, techniques for diagnosing PV systems proposed in recent literature are overviewed and analyzed to point out their differences, advantages and limits. Future research directions towards the improvement of the performance of the DL-based FDD techniques are also discussed. This review paper aims to systematically present the development of DL-based FDD for PV systems and provide guidelines for future research in the field.

/pdf/deep-learning-based-fault-diagnosis-of-photovoltaic-systems-4km4iu1kry.pdf

Deep Learning-Based Fault Diagnosis of Photovoltaic Systems: A Comprehensive Review and Enhancement Prospects

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) kill about 20.5 million people every year. Early prediction can help people to change their lifestyles and to ensure proper medical treatment if necessary. In this research, ten machine learning (ML) classifiers from different categories, such as Bayes, functions, lazy, meta, rules, and trees, were trained for efficient heart disease risk prediction using the full set of attributes of the Cleveland heart dataset and the optimal attribute sets obtained from three attribute evaluators. The performance of the algorithms was appraised using a 10-fold cross-validation testing option. Finally, we performed tuning of the hyperparameter number of nearest neighbors, namely, ‘k’ in the instance-based (IBk) classifier. The sequential minimal optimization (SMO) achieved an accuracy of 85.148% using the full set of attributes and 86.468% was the highest accuracy value using the optimal attribute set obtained from the chi-squared attribute evaluator. Meanwhile, the meta classifier bagging with logistic regression (LR) provided the highest ROC area of 0.91 using both the full and optimal attribute sets obtained from the ReliefF attribute evaluator. Overall, the SMO classifier stood as the best prediction method compared to other techniques, and IBk achieved an 8.25% accuracy improvement by tuning the hyperparameter ‘k’ to 9 with the chi-squared attribute set.

Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Machine Learning Classifiers with Attribute Evaluators

Mostly in the agriculture sector, identifying rotten fruits has been critical. The classification of fresh and rotting fruits is typically carried out by humans, which is ineffective for fruit growers. Humans wear out by doing the same role many days, but robots do not. As a result, the study proposed a method for reducing human effort, lowering production costs, and shortening production time by detecting defects in agricultural fruits. If the defects are not detected, the contaminated fruits can contaminate the good fruits. As a result, we proposed a model to prevent the propagation of rottenness. From the input fruit images, the proposed model classifies the fresh and rotting fruits. We utilized three different varieties of fruits in this project: apple, banana, and oranges. The features from input fruit images are collected using a Convolutional Neural Network, and the images are categorized using Max pooling, Average pooling, and MobileNetV2 architecture. The proposed model's performance is tested on a Kaggle dataset, and it achieves the highest accuracy in training data is 99.46% and in the validation set is 99.61% by applying MobileNetV2. The Max pooling achieved 94.49% training accuracy and validation accuracy is 94.97%. Besides, the Average pooling achieved 93.06% training accuracy and validation accuracy is 93.72%. The findings revealed that the proposed CNN model is capable of distinguishing between fresh and rotting fruits.

Implementation of Deep Learning Methods to Identify Rotten Fruits

The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic is wreaking havoc on the world's health. The healthcare sector is in a state of disaster. Many precautionary steps have been taken to prevent the spread of this disease, including the usage of a mask, which is strongly recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this paper, we used three deep learning methods for face mask detection, including Max pooling, Average pooling, and MobileNetV2 architecture, and showed the methods detection accuracy. A dataset containing 1845 images from various sources and 120 co-author pictures taken with a webcam and a mobile phone camera is used to train a deep learning architecture. The Max pooling achieved 96.49% training accuracy and validation accuracy is 98.67%. Besides, the Average pooling achieved 95.190/0 training accuracy and validation accuracy is 96.23%. MobileNetV2 architecture gained the highest accuracy 99.72% for training and 99.82 % for validation.

Face Mask Detection using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to reduce the spread of Covid-19

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the most common serious illnesses affecting human health. CVDs may be prevented or mitigated by early diagnosis, and this may reduce mortality rates. Identifying risk factors using machine learning models is a promising approach. We would like to propose a model that incorporates different methods to achieve effective prediction of heart disease. For our proposed model to be successful, we have used efficient Data Collection, Data Pre-processing and Data Transformation methods to create accurate information for the training model. We have used a combined dataset (Cleveland, Long Beach VA, Switzerland, Hungarian and Stat log). Suitable features are selected by using the Relief, and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) techniques. New hybrid classifiers like Decision Tree Bagging Method (DTBM), Random Forest Bagging Method (RFBM), K-Nearest Neighbors Bagging Method (KNNBM), AdaBoost Boosting Method (ABBM), and Gradient Boosting Boosting Method (GBBM) are developed by integrating the traditional classifiers with bagging and boosting methods, which are used in the training process. We have also instrumented some machine learning algorithms to calculate the Accuracy (ACC), Sensitivity (SEN), Error Rate, Precision (PRE) and F1 Score (F1) of our model, along with the Negative Predictive Value (NPR), False Positive Rate (FPR), and False Negative Rate (FNR). The results are shown separately to provide comparisons. Based on the result analysis, we can conclude that our proposed model produced the highest accuracy while using RFBM and Relief feature selection methods (99.05%).

/pdf/efficient-prediction-of-cardiovascular-disease-using-machine-1g3efyu5h4.pdf

Efficient Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Using Machine Learning Algorithms With Relief and LASSO Feature Selection Techniques

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in Australia with crude incidence rates increasing drastically from 62.8 at ages 35–39 to 271.4 at ages 50–54 (cases per 100,000 women). Various researchers have proposed methods and tools based on Machine Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks for assessing mammographic images, but these methods have produced detection and interpretation errors resulting in false-positive and false-negative cases when used in the real world. We believe that this problem can potentially be resolved by implementing effective image pre-processing techniques to create training data for Deep-CNN. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to propose effective image pre-processing methods to create datasets that can save computational time for the neural network and improve accuracy and classification rates. To do so, this research proposes methods for background removal, pectoral muscle removal, adding noise to the images, and image enhancements. Adding noise without affecting the quality of details in the images makes the input images for the neural network more representative, which may improve the performance of the neural network model when used in the real world. The proposed method for background removal is the “Rolling Ball Algorithm” and “Huang’s Fuzzy Thresholding”, which succeed in removing background from 100% of the images. For pectoral muscle removal “Canny Edge Detection” and “Hough’s Line Transform” are used, which removed muscle from 99.06% of the images. “Invert”, “CTI_RAS” and “ISOCONTOUR” lookup tables (LUTs) were used for image enhancements to outline the ROIs and regions within the ROIs.

/pdf/preprocessing-of-breast-cancer-images-to-create-datasets-for-2s94lig1kc.pdf

Preprocessing of Breast Cancer Images to Create Datasets for Deep-CNN

The incidence, prevalence, and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) conditions have evolved over time, especially in countries that have varied social determinants of health. In most countries, diabetics and hypertension are the main causes of CKDs. The global guidelines classify CKD as a condition that results in decreased kidney function over time, as indicated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and markers of kidney damage. People with CKDs are likely to die at an early age. It is crucial for doctors to diagnose various conditions associated with CKD in an early stage because early detection may prevent or even reverse kidney damage. Early detection can provide better treatment and proper care to the patients. In many regional hospital/clinics, there is a shortage of nephrologists or general medical persons who diagnose the symptoms. This has resulted in patients waiting longer to get a diagnosis. Therefore, this research believes developing an intelligent system to classify a patient into classes of ‘CKD’ or ‘Non-CKD’ can help the doctors to deal with multiple patients and provide diagnosis faster. In time, organizations can implement the proposed machine learning framework in regional clinics that have lower medical expert retention, this can provide early diagnosis to patients in regional areas. Although, several researchers have tried to address the situation by developing intelligent systems using supervised machine learning methods, till date limited studies have used unsupervised machine learning algorithms. The primary aim of this research is to implement and compare the performance of various unsupervised algorithms and identify best possible combinations that can provide better accuracy and detection rate. This research has implemented five unsupervised algorithms, K-Means Clustering, DB-Scan, I-Forest, and Autoencoder. And integrating them with various feature selection methods. Integrating feature reduction methods with K-Means Clustering algorithm has achieved an overall accuracy of 99% in classifying the clinical data of CKD and Non-CKD.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-unsupervised-framework-for-chronic-kidney-19b3wy81da.pdf

Abhijith Reddy Beeravolu

Papers

Efficient Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Using Machine Learning Algorithms With Relief and LASSO Feature Selection Techniques

Preprocessing of Breast Cancer Images to Create Datasets for Deep-CNN

A Comprehensive Unsupervised Framework for Chronic Kidney Disease Prediction