The current review presents the 2005 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2005. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, in the early version of the gene map, 29 loci were depicted. In contrast, the 2005 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 165 autosomal gene entries and QTL, plus five others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 17 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus, the map is growing in complexity. Unfortunately, progress is slow in the field of genetics of fitness and performance, primarily because the number of laboratories and scientists focused on the role of genes and sequence variations in exercise-related traits continues to be quite limited.

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The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2005 update.

Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

The topic of exercise-induced oxidative stress has received considerable attention in recent years, with close to 300 original investigations published since the early work of Dillard and colleagues in 1978. Single bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce an acute state of oxidative stress. This is indicated by an increased presence of oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues. Exercise mode, intensity, and duration, as well as the subject population tested, all can impact the extent of oxidation. Moreover, the use of antioxidant supplements can impact the findings. Although a single bout of exercise often leads to an acute oxidative stress, in accordance with the principle of hormesis, such an increase appears necessary to allow for an up-regulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This review presents a comprehensive summary of original investigations focused on exercise-induced oxidative stress. This should provide the reader with a well-documented account of the research done within this area of science over the past 30 years.

/pdf/acute-exercise-and-oxidative-stress-a-30-year-history-vqht2rmi2b.pdf

Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history.

Free radicals are reactive compounds that are naturally produced in the human body. They can exert positive effects (e.g. on the immune system) or negative effects (e.g. lipids, proteins or DNA oxidation). To limit these harmful effects, an organism requires complex protection - the antioxidant system. This system consists of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E [tocopherol], vitamin A [retinol], vitamin C [ascorbic acid], glutathione and uric acid). An imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defence leads to an oxidative stress state, which may be involved in aging processes and even in some pathology (e.g. cancer and Parkinson's disease). Physical exercise also increases oxidative stress and causes disruptions of the homeostasis. Training can have positive or negative effects on oxidative stress depending on training load, training specificity and the basal level of training. Moreover, oxidative stress seems to be involved in muscular fatigue and may lead to overtraining.

Oxidative stress : relationship with exercise and training.

Background—The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of systemic exercise training on endothelium-mediated arteriolar vasodilation of the lower limb and its relation to exercise capacity in chronic heart failure (CHF). Endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of CHF, contributing to increased peripheral vasoconstriction and impaired exercise capacity. Local handgrip exercise has previously been shown to enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilation in conduit and resistance vessels in CHF. Methods and Results—Twenty patients were prospectively randomized to a training group (n=10, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 24±4%) or a control group (n=10, LVEF 23±3%). At baseline and after 6 months, peak flow velocity was measured in the left femoral artery using a Doppler wire; vessel diameter was determined by quantitative angiography. Peripheral blood flow was calculated from average peak velocity (APV) and arterial cross-sectional area. After exercise training, nitroglycerin-induced endotheli...

Regular Physical Exercise Corrects Endothelial Dysfunction and Improves Exercise Capacity in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure.

This paper presents a physiological long-term model of the cardiovascular system. It integrates the previous models developed by Guyton, Uttamsingh and Coleman. Additionally it introduces mechanisms of direct effects of the renal sympathetic nerve activity (rsna) on tubular sodium reabsorption and renin secretion in accordance with experimental data from literature. The resulting mathematical model constitutes the first long-term model of the cardiovascular system accounting for the effects of rsna on kidney functions in such detail. The objective of developing such a model is to observe the consequences of long-term rsna increase and impairment of rsna inhibition under volume loading. This model provides an understanding of the rsna-related mechanisms, which cause mean arterial pressure increase in hypertension and total sodium amount increase (sodium retention) in congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome and cirrhosis.

http://patf-biokyb.lf1.cuni.cz/wiki/_media/projekty/longterm_mathematical_model_involving_renal_sympathetic_nerve_actiovity_arterial_pressure_and_sodium_excretion.pdf

Long-term mathematical model involving renal sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressure, and sodium excretion.

Physical activity is known to induce oxidative stress in individuals subjected to intense exercise. Contrarily, there are enzymatic and nonenzymatic defence systems against oxygen radicals in aerobic organisms. Sulphydryl groups such as thiol and glutathione (GSH) can be given as an example to non-enzymatic low molecular weight antioxidants. Carnitine may be related to the performance enhancement in high intensity intermittent exercises and might probably improve the aerobic capacity by stimulating lipid oxidation in muscle cells during long term exercise. But, the effects caused by this supplement during physical activity have not been fully described in the literature. The aim of the study was to compare plasma thiols (PSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and carnitine levels and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2(max)) of the soccers under regular training with the values of the healthy controls. Our results demonstrates that soccers seem to be under less oxidative stress, as their MDA levels were significantly lower (P < 0.001) when compared with the control group while their PSH levels were significantly elevated (P < 0.001), during resting condition. In addition, the plasma carnitine concentrations of the soccer group yields lower values while the VO2(max) yields a higher value when compared with the control group. The differences between the soccer and the control groups are significant (for both, P < 0.001). The present research reveals the fact that regular soccer training shows beneficial effect on decreasing of lipid peroxidation levels. Furthermore; the sportsmen who are under intense training programs have low plasma carnitine values which do not cause negative effect on their sportive performance.

Effect of regular training on plasma thiols, malondialdehyde and carnitine concentrations in young soccer players.

Brachial artery ultrasound during reactive hyperemia is a noninvasive method of assessing peripheral endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Aerobic exercise has the potential to improve local endothelial function. We sought to analyze the effects of regular aerobic training on brachial artery endothelial function in endurance athletes. We studied diameter and blood flow of the brachial artery in 32 endurance male athletes and 30 healthy male subjects. In the same subjects flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery was recorded by inducing an ischemia through a forearm arterial occluding cuff. Maximal oxygen consumption was significantly higher in the athletes group than in the controls (61.24 ′ 5.43 vs 44.49 ′ 2.68 ml/kg/min, p < 0.001). Flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery induced by forearm arterial occlusion in athletes was also higher than that of the control subjects (17.1 ′ 2.3 vs 11.2 ′ 1.7, p = 0.002). Furthermore, there was an association between flow-mediated dilatation and VO 2 m a x (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Baseline measurements of the diameter and the blood flow volume of the brachial artery were similar in both groups. During reactive hyperemia period, the percent of the changes of endothelial diameters and flow were significantly higher in athletes than in controls. Higher flow-mediated dilatation levels in athletes reflect better vascular adaptation to habitual aerobic exercise.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/205/1/205_1_45/_pdf

Endothelial flow-mediated dilatation and exercise capacity in highly trained endurance athletes.

leptin; exercise; Max VO 2 ; BMI; lactate Abstract OBJECTIVE : In the present study we aimed at investigating leptin levels in profes- sional male athletes who have been exercising regularly for a long time and leptin levels in healthy sedentary males. METHODS : Th e study included 10 male professional football players and 17 healthy sedentary males. Th e relations between groups in terms of leptin levels, Max VO 2 levels, blood lactic acid levels before and aft er exercise and eff ort dura- tions were investigated. RESULTS : It was found in the study that although BMI of professional male ath- letes was higher than that of the healthy sedentary males, leptin levels of the for- mer were signifi cantly lower (p 0.05). CONCLUSION : Leptin levels of those who exercised regularly were found lower than the levels in healthy males. Although the increase in serum leptin levels is in direct proportion with BMI in general, the major determinant of serum leptin level is the body fat rate. As regular exercising reduces body fat rate, it also reduces serum leptin levels.

Investigation of serum leptin levels in professional male football players and healthy sedentary males.

The aim of this study was to determine left ventricular (LV) morphology and aortic function in power athletes and to compare them with normal subjects. Thirty-two elite male wrestlers and 15 age-matched healthy male controls were included. All subjects underwent echocardiographic examination. Measurements included LV cavity dimension at systole and diastole, wall thickness, diastolic parameters, and aortic diameter, 3 cm above aortic valve, at systole and diastole. Left ventricular mass and mass index were found to be higher in the athletes than in control subjects. The aortic distensibility index was found to be reduced in the athletes compared with controls (2.53 ± 0.91 vs 3.94 ± 1.77 cm2 dyne−1 10−6, P = 0.003), while the aortic stiffness index was significantly higher in the athletes than in controls (9.12 ± 3.23 vs 6.65 ± 2.35, P = 0.02). However, LV end-systolic wall stress was lower in the athletes than in controls. Furthermore, transmitral early (E) and late (A) peak velocity, peak velocity of the myocardial systolic wave (S m), and early (E m) and atrial (A m) diastolic waves at the inferior wall were higher in the athletes than in controls. Reduced aortic distensibility in elite power athletes may be one of the cardiovascular adaptation factors which affect LV hypertrophy.

Abidin Kayserilioglu

Papers

Long-term mathematical model involving renal sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressure, and sodium excretion.

Effect of regular training on plasma thiols, malondialdehyde and carnitine concentrations in young soccer players.

Endothelial flow-mediated dilatation and exercise capacity in highly trained endurance athletes.

Investigation of serum leptin levels in professional male football players and healthy sedentary males.

Left ventricular remodeling and aortic distensibility in elite power athletes