There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

Author(s): Vogel, Alfred; Venugopalan, Vasan | Abstract: The mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues were studied. The transiently empty space created between the fiber tip and the tissue surface improved the optical transmission to the target and thus increased the ablation efficiency. It was found that the structure and morphology also affect the energy transport among tissue constituents.

/pdf/mechanisms-of-pulsed-laser-ablation-of-biological-tissues-58cltfa63z.pdf

Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues.

Although there is an ongoing effort to use infrared- spectroscopy for tissue differentiation and classification, there is still a need for the development of a sensor for use in the quick and non-destructive detection of spectral changes resulting from, for example, the influence of temperature. It is our intention to investigate flat IR- sensors and their suitability as a tool for detection within bio-organic compounds. Initial investigations using bio- liquids, tissues in the native and coagulated state, and micro-organisms have already been carried out. According to the literature, major IR-spectroscopic differences can be expected in the fingerprint region (1500-1000 cm-1). An experimental set up was based on an FTIR-spectrometer, fiber optic cables, sensor and an external detector. A sensor was used whereby a segment of 1.5 cm at the center of the fiber was flattened to approx. 150 micrometers . Transmission spectra of flattened fibers have been compared to those of the cylindrical fibers. Spectral differences were obtained indicating a possible use for the study of thermal damage in tissues. The fiber-optic based results are comparable to micro-ATR-FTIR-spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance) measurements. IR-sensing was performed either using circular or flat silver halide wave guides.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Recent developments in fiber optic IR sensors

9 – Clinical Applications of Fiberoptic Laser Systems

Optical fibers transparent in the mid-infrared (IR) enable absorption measurements in remote location New techniques will enhance the possibility using IR fibers for measurements in ATR-mode If the fiber is in contact with a sample that has characteristic absorption lines, the total transmission of the fiber and sample of these lines will decrease In this way the absorption of a sample can be determined using a non-destructive method This work has proven the suitability of flattened IR-Fiber as a tool for detection of organic substances Initial investigations using bio-organic compounds, bio-liquids, tissue in the native and coagulated state, and micro-organisms have already been carried out with a view to bio-medical usage An experimental set up was based on an FTIR-spectrometer, fiber optic cables and an external detector A segment of 15 cm at the center of the fiber was flattened to approx 150 micrometers  Transmission spectra of flattened fibers have been compared to those of the cylindrical fibers Spectral differences were obtained indicating a possible use for the study of thermal damage in tissues

IR spectroscopy: new results due to fiber optic sensing in view of biomedical application

An optical contact and a method for optically connecting optical elements in the IR which comprises bleaching of absorbance peaks of a polymeric compound which is included in the optical contact. The bleaching is accomplished by passing a CO2 laser beam having a power that exceeds a threshold of about 0.6W through the optical contact. An optical contact, which further includes a chalcognide glass, transmits a CO2 laser beam having a continuous power of up to 9W at a transmittance of about 85%.

An optical contact and a method for optically connecting elements in the ir

Although there is an ongoing effort to use infrared-spectroscopy for tissue differentiation and classification, there is still a need for the development of a sensor for use in the quick and non-destructive detection of spectral changes resulting from, for example, the influence of temperature. It is our intention to investigate flat IR-sensors and their suitability as a tool for detection within bio-organic compounds. Initial investigations using bio-liquids, tissues in the native and coagulated state, and micro-organisms have already been carried out. According to the literature, major IR-spectroscopic differences can be expected in the 'fingerprint' region (1500 - 1000 cm -1 ). An experimental set up was based on an FTIR-spectrometer, fiber optic cables, sensor and an external detector. A sensor was used whereby a segment of 1.5 cm at the center of the fiber was flattened to approx. 150 μm. Transmission spectra of flattened fibers have been compared to those of the cylindrical fibers. Spectral differences were obtained indicating a possible use for the study of thermal damage in tissues. The fiber-optic based results are comparable to micro-ATR-FTIR-spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance) measurements. IR-sensing was performed either using circular or flat silver halide wave guides.

Abraham Katzir

Papers

Recent developments in fiber optic IR sensors

9 – Clinical Applications of Fiberoptic Laser Systems

IR spectroscopy: new results due to fiber optic sensing in view of biomedical application

An optical contact and a method for optically connecting elements in the ir

Recent developements in fiberoptic IR-sensors