https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

「脆弱性(Vulnerability)」とは何か

Inclusion and democracy.

Ecological Engineering: Journal of Ecotechnology. Editor-in-chief William J. Mitsch. Elsevier. 4/yr. DFL 361, $195.

Science in action

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Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed

The Peruvian government seeks to stop deforestation in its primary forest in the Amazon. It alleges that the main culprit of deforestation is smallholders who practice swidden farming. However, this is a simplified view, concealing the main reasons for deforestation and the complexity of land use changes. By studying land and forest use through the lens of the indigenous Kechwa-Lamas people, who live along forest covered mountain slopes in the region San Martin, we attempt to show the complex and intertwined reasons for deforestation, as well as how the indigenous people try to cope with this development. We identify and discuss three “ideal” types of land use—the swidden and tree based systems of the Kechwa-Lamas people, agricultural intensification practices (particularly perennial cash crops), and state conservation approaches. In practice these uses overlap spatially and have synergistic and antagonistic aspects. Kechwa-Lamas may clear land for tree cash crops, but they also manage forests and seek to conserve them for particular needs. Migrants from the Andes clear forests to plant perennial crops, penetrating the ancestral territories of the Kechwa-Lamas, while large scale capital intensive agriculture often intrudes into primary forest and jeopardizes existing subsistence systems. The opening up of forest areas in San Martin and its gradual integration into the nation’s market economy, together with the local government’s division of the region into zones intended for different purposes, have had both intended and unintended consequences. There is a need to develop a more nuanced understanding of the forms and complexity of forests and their transitions, particularly where secondary and managed forests replace previous rainforest areas. The findings draw on field observations and interviews with households, key NGO informants and a detailed case study of 13 Kechwa-Lamas villages.

/pdf/forest-dynamics-in-the-peruvian-amazon-understanding-4sgzvw3glq.pdf

Forest Dynamics in the Peruvian Amazon: Understanding Processes of Change

We provide an analytical contrast of the dynamics of secondary forest regeneration in Nepal and Peru framed by a set of common themes: land access, boundaries, territories, and rights, seemingly more secure in Nepal than Peru; processes of agrarian change and their consequences for forest-agriculture interactions and the role of secondary forest in the landscape, more marked in Peru, where San Martin is experiencing apparent agricultural intensification, than in Nepal; and finally processes of social differentiation that have consequences for different social groups, livelihood construction and their engagement with trees, common to both countries. These themes address the broader issue of the necessary conditions for secondary forest regeneration and the extent to which the rights and livelihood benefits of those actively managing it are secured.

/pdf/secondary-forests-and-agrarian-transitions-insights-from-1yyyihev5g.pdf

Secondary Forests and Agrarian Transitions: Insights from Nepal and Peru.

Book Review: Barbara Harriss-White (Ed.). 2016. Middle India and Urban–Rural Development: Four Decades of Change:

In this paper we use a patches approach to study changes in local land-use practices in response to constraints of labour and the increasing effects of climate change. Drawing on a mix of different...

Adam Pain

Papers

Forest Dynamics in the Peruvian Amazon: Understanding Processes of Change

Secondary Forests and Agrarian Transitions: Insights from Nepal and Peru.

Book Review: Barbara Harriss-White (Ed.). 2016. Middle India and Urban–Rural Development: Four Decades of Change:

Re-reading Nepalese landscapes: labour, water, farming patches and trees

Entangled lives: drug assemblages in Afghanistan’s Badakhshan