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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Long distance migration has evolved in many organisms moving through different media and using various modes of locomotion and transport. Migration continues to evolve or become suppressed as shown by ongoing dynamic and rapid changes of migration patterns. This great evolutionary flexibility may seem surprising for such a complex attribute as migration. Even if migration in most cases has evolved basically as a strategy to maximise fitness in a seasonal environment, its occurrence and extent depend on a multitude of factors. We give a brief overview of different factors (e.g. physical, geographical, historical, ecological) likely to facilitate and/or constrain the evolution of long distance migration and discuss how they are likely to affect migration. The basic driving forces for migration are ecological and biogeographic factors like seasonality, spatiotemporal distributions of resources, habitats, predation and competition. The benefit of increased resource availability will be balanced by costs associated with the migratory process in terms of time (incl. losses of prior occupancy advantages), energy and mortality (incl. increased exposure to parasites). Furthermore, migration requires genetic instructions (allowing substantial room for learning in some of the traits) about timing, duration and distance of migration as well as about behavioural and physiological adaptations (fuelling, organ flexibility, locomotion, use of environmental transport etc) and control of orientation and navigation. To what degree these costs and requirements put constraints on migration often depends on body size according to different scaling relationships. From this expos it is clear that research on migration warrants a multitude of techniques and approaches for a complete as possible understanding of a very complex evolutionary syndrome. In addition, we also present examples of migratory distances in a variety of taxons. In recent years new techniques, especially satellite radio telemetry, provide new information of unprecedented accuracy about journeys of individual animals, allowing re-evaluation of migration, locomotion and navigation theories. (Less)

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Long-distance migration: evolution and determinants

Modern attempts to produce biogeographic maps focus on the distribution of species, and the maps are typically drawn without phylogenetic considerations. Here, we generate a global map of zoogeographic regions by combining data on the distributions and phylogenetic relationships of 21,037 species of amphibians, birds, and mammals. We identify 20 distinct zoogeographic regions, which are grouped into 11 larger realms. We document the lack of support for several regions previously defined based on distributional data and show that spatial turnover in the phylogenetic composition of vertebrate assemblages is higher in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. We further show that the integration of phylogenetic information provides valuable insight on historical relationships among regions, permitting the identification of evolutionarily unique regions of the world.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/339/6115/74.full.pdf

An Update of Wallace’s Zoogeographic Regions of the World

Darwin's1 hypothesis that male secondary sexual ornaments evolve through female preferences is theoretically plausible2–7, but there is little experimental field evidence that such preferences exist8–10. I have studied female choice in relation to male tail length in the long-tailed widowbird, Euplectes progne, and report here that males in which the tail was experimentally elongated showed higher mating success than males having normal or reduced tails. The possibility that intrasexual competition among males maintains the long tail was not supported: males with shortened tails held their territories as long as did other males. These results suggest that the extreme tail length in male long-tailed widowbirds is maintained by female mating preferences.

Female choice selects for extreme tail length in a widowbird

We present a general framework for characterizing the ecological and societal consequences of biodiversity loss and applying it to the global avifauna. To investigate the potential ecological consequences of avian declines, we developed comprehensive databases of the status and functional roles of birds and a stochastic model for forecasting change. Overall, 21% of bird species are currently extinction-prone and 6.5% are functionally extinct, contributing negligibly to ecosystem processes. We show that a quarter or more of frugivorous and omnivorous species and one-third or more of herbivorous, piscivorous, and scavenger species are extinction-prone. Furthermore, our projections indicate that by 2100, 6–14% of all bird species will be extinct, and 7–25% (28–56% on oceanic islands) will be functionally extinct. Important ecosystem processes, particularly decomposition, pollination, and seed dispersal, will likely decline as a result.

/pdf/ecosystem-consequences-of-bird-declines-4hy1fugm18.pdf

Ecosystem consequences of bird declines

/pdf/bird-migration-a-general-survey-a0cgc79wly.pdf

Bird Migration: A General Survey

Starlings and mynas

For more than 30 years, Peter Berthold has been involved in research on bird migration. His many publication and reviews make him an ideal candidate to undertake such an overview of the field, and this is now the second edition of a book on a topic that has fascinated naturalists and scientists for centuries.

Bird Migration : A General Survey, (2nd edn) by P. Berthold : book review

TheEuplectes species are polygynous weavers, showing marked sexual and seasonal dimorphism. The ♂ are territorial during the breeding season, and interspecific territorial behaviour is common. Courtship consists of a flight display followed by a perched display leading to copulation. The nest plays an important role in courtship. Throughout the year the birds feed and roost in large aggregations. The evolution of the genus is discussed; the two main behavioural changes have been an elaboration of the flight display, accompanied by a decline in nest-building by the ♂.

Behaviour and evolution in the genusEuplectes

Apres avoir considere les concepts d'espece et de speciation on envisage les effets possibles de la competition au niveau de l'historique de la speciation et de la post-speciation de l'espece. Les implications des resultats pour l'ecologie des biocenoses sont discutees

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3544775.pdf

Adrian J. F. Craig

Papers

Bird Migration: A General Survey

Starlings and mynas

Bird Migration : A General Survey, (2nd edn) by P. Berthold : book review

Behaviour and evolution in the genusEuplectes

Speciation, Adaptation and Interspecific Competition