The goal of maintenance pruning is the development of a tree canopy that meets a defined objective while minimizing the risk of failure An in- depth understanding of the primary functions of branches and how they influence canopy form is needed in order to assess the impacts of cultural practices such as pruning or plant spacing on canopy development Allometric modeling describes the relationship between size and shape of organisms This paper explores three allometric methods of modeling branch form (pipe model theory, fractal dimensioning, and power laws) and their potential in guiding prun- ing research Additionally, two principal functions of plants—hydraulic and mechanical—are discussed in light of their impact of stem and branch form

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Review of Literature on the Function and Allometric Relationships of Tree Stems and Branches

We attempted to observe differences in vessel element anatomy, and physiological and morphological traits of leaves in Fagus crenata seedlings originated from seven different provenances grown under the uniform environmental conditions. We also investigated the relationships between the anatomical characteristics of the vessel elements and physiological plus morphological traits of leaves in Fagus crenata seedlings. To carry out the experiments, Fagus crenata samples were prepared from Chichibu Research Forest of Tokyo University. For anatomical studies of the vessel elements, vessel number per mm2, average vessel area, and the percentage of vessel area from the pith to the bark side were measured. We also measured transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf dry mass per unit leaf area and leaf density for foliar studies. The anatomical characteristics of the vessel elements as well as the physiological and morphological traits of leaves were noticeably different among provenances. In addition, we found significant correlations between the foliar characteristics not only with vessel number per mm2, but also with vessel area percentage and sum of the (vessel area)2, theoretical hydraulic conductivity, from the pith to the bark side. Therefore, we concluded that variations in physiological and morphological traits of leaves in response to provenance variation were in correspondence with vessel number per mm2 as a parameter that determines the total vessel area and consequent water hydraulic conductance in Fagus crenata as a diffuse porous hardwood.

Relationships between vessel element anatomy and physiological as well as morphological traits of leaves in Fagus crenata seedlings originating from different provenances

1Graduate School of Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900. E-mail: kritsadapan_p@yahoo.com 2Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University–Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900 3Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900 4Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900

https://www.frim.gov.my/v1/JTFSOnline/jtfs/v24n3/387-398.pdf

False ring occurrences and their identification in teak (Tectona grandis) in North-Eastern Thailand.

This study aims to understand the effect of the initial planting density on the anatomical variability and basic wood density of Schizolobium parahyba var amazonicum in a planted forest in Amazonia The effect of the initial planting density on the radial variation from pith to bark of anatomy and basic density was evaluated There were two planting densities, planting density-I (624 trees ha-1) and planting density-II (312 trees ha-1) Planting density significantly affected only the ray height, fiber length and wall thickness Radial position was not significant to the height of the rays and the fiber lumen diameter The interaction planting density × radial position was only significant for the length of the vessel elements, ray frequency and fiber length The results indicate that the initial planting density influences the radial behavior of certain anatomical characteristics To obtain gain in terms of total wood per cultivated area, without harm to the density of the produced wood, planting density-I would be most useful, while planting density-II would be suitable for the production of more homogeneous wood, which tends to form adult wood in advance and with some anatomical characteristics appropriate for the plywood industry

https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/maderas/v20n3/0718-221X-maderas-03901.pdf

Planting density effect on some properties of Schizolobium parahyba wood

Yerba mate is largely used to produce drinks to human consume. In Spring the plants develop tender young leaves that could represent a new market niche in the yerba-mate industry; this period is called as ”pressafrinha” in this study. This study aimed to analyze the total and hydro soluble nutritional values of young leaves collected in the Spring season and its nutritional potential for human consumption. To represent the ”pressafrinha” young leaves, the collected vegetal material was limited to the third terminal bud. The total and hydro soluble chemical analysis of leaves in the provenances Cascavel (progeny 174), Ivai (progeny 6), Barao de Cotegipe (progenies 68 and 69) included the following elements: P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. The content of elements in the beverage obtained from the infusion of young leaves of yerba mate in the recommended daily intake ranges from 0.5% to 11.5% and was in the following order: Cu > Mn > K > P > Mg > Fe > Zn > Ca > Na. Progenies and morphotypes of yerba mate showed little variation in the total nutrient content and did not differ in the content of soluble nutrients evaluated in young leaves. The extract obtained from young leaves of yerba mate presents potential to be used for human consumption.

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Mineral content of young leaves of yerba mate

SUMMARY In this study the wood anatomy of two leaf-morphotypes (“Yellow” and “Grey”) of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae) from South Brazil was compared with special attention to vessel attributes and a possible relationship of leaf morphology and wood structure. Sampling was carried out in a 15-year-old plantation in the state of Parana, South Brazil. The anatomy of the juvenile and mature wood of five male and five female plants of each morphotype was investigated by light microscopy. In all plants the increment and the proportion of vessels decreased from pith to cambium, while vessel element length increased. Plants of the morphotype “Grey” had shorter vessel members (157–382 μm) and a lower number of bars per perforation plate (14–15) compared to the plants of the morphotype “Yellow” (vessel member length: 304–567 μm, bars: 22–24). No significant differences were found between the wood of male and female plants.

Afonso Oliszeski

Papers

Variability of vessel characteristics in the xylem of ilex paraguariensis (maté-tree) from south brazil