Applied Discriminant Analysis

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Intermediate Accounting I

The best you can do is a decimal approximation, usi ng omething like Simpson's rule. For series, these sorts of problems are ubiquitous . There are very few general techniques for finding the exact sum of a series, and even relativ ely simple series such as cannot be !8œ" _ $ "Î8 summed exactly. One of the hardest problems in mat hematics, the Riemann hypothesis, essentially just asks for what values of the serie : (a b : œ     â " " " " " # $ % : : : :

Convergence and divergence

Evaluation of coupling coordination degree and convergence behaviour of local development: A spatiotemporal analysis of all Polish municipalities over the period 2003–2019

Research background: Indebtedness indicators are used to monitor the structure of corporate financial resources. The company's share of its own and foreign resources affects the financial stability of the company. A high share of own re-sources makes the company stable, and independent. With a low share, on the contrary, the company is unstable, market fluctuations and credit uncertainty can have serious consequences. However, foreign capital is cheaper, and too high indebtedness ratios can jeopardize the existence of enterprises.
Purpose of the article: In general, the economic recession worsens the capital structure of enterprises, especially their debt management. Thus, the paper aims to apply the set of 13 indebtedness ratios to a sample of 779 Slovak and Czech enterprises from the construction sector to determine key microeconomic determinants that may influence the level of indebtedness.
Methods: A non-parametric one-way analysis of variance ? the Kruskal-Wallis test ? was used to determine whether the set of indebtedness ratios is the same across countries, districts, and sizes. For analyzing the specific sample pair of stochastic dominance, the pairwise comparison was realized using the Dunn'stest with Bonferonni correction. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences in the set of indebtedness ratios between two independent groups of enterprises, based on their legal form and country.
Findings & value added: The level of total indebtedness ratio and the self-financing ratio depends on the region as well as on the size of the enterprise and the legal form. In the case of credit indebtedness and debt-to-cash-flow indebted-ness, their dependence on the size of the enterprise and the legal form is obvious. The importance of the region and the legal form of enterprises, vice versa, affect the level of the financial independence ratio. These outputs are relevant for au-thorities, policy makers, or financial institutions to identify financial constraints that construction enterprises face and, as a result, make a long-term contribution to theory in this field.

/pdf/distinctive-determinants-of-financial-indebtedness-evidence-1d7k0gwa6q.pdf

Distinctive determinants of financial indebtedness: evidence from Slovak and Czech enterprises

Local investments for the development of renewable energy sources (RESs) constitute an important element of sustainable rural development. They are conducive to the social and economic development of the said areas, and improve the environmental values and living conditions of their inhabitants. However, such advancement in rural areas is not possible without adequate financial support, including the funds from the EU budget. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to assess the scale, scope and importance of local investments in renewable energy sources in rural areas of Poland in 2014–2020, cofinanced from EU funds. The study covered 1117 projects, whose beneficiaries were rural and urban–rural municipalities. Evaluation of the municipal investment activities in acquiring EU subsidies in the area of environmentally friendly energy was conducted using selected methods of descriptive statistics and the analysis of variance. Subsequently, with the use of logistic regression, the study identified the main socioeconomic, financial and environmental conditions of the investment activities of the local government entities in RES in rural areas. Empirical studies allowed for the positive verification of the research hypothesis, which assumed that “The highest investment activity in the field of local projects co-financed from EU funds, related to the development of RES in rural areas, may be attributed to municipalities performing primarily agricultural functions, located in Eastern Poland”. The municipalities’ own income potential and investment activity are of major importance for the acquisition of EU funds used in RES financing. Municipalities at a lower development level demonstrated a greater activity in accessing these funds. They view the development of RES as an opportunity for accelerated growth.

The Importance of Local Investments Co-Financed by the European Union in the Field of Renewable Energy Sources in Rural Areas of Poland

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the level of and differences in financial autonomy across Polish rural municipalities. The level of rural municipalities’ financial autonomy in 2008–2017 was benchmarked against that of other types of municipalities. Also, a multidimensional assessment of financial autonomy levels was performed for the municipalities considered, and the underlying socioeconomic conditions prevailing in 2017 were identified. As shown by this study, financial autonomy varies strongly across Polish rural municipalities. Nearly 60% of them are at medium low or low levels. As a consequence, their financial standing and capacity to fulfill their own tasks depend on allocations from the national budget. This poses a considerable problem for their ability to remain financially stable.

Financial Autonomy of Local Government Units: Evidence from Polish Rural Municipalities

/pdf/wykorzystanie-analizy-dyskryminacyjnej-w-ocenie-ryzyka-509vt9tuq5.pdf

Wykorzystanie analizy dyskryminacyjnej w ocenie ryzyka upadłości przedsiębiorstw przemysłu mięsnego

Poland is affected not only by a persistent regional differentiation but also by an internal polarization of regional development levels, particularly in rural areas. Local government authorities, especially municipalities, play an important role in bridging inequalities in socioeconomic rural development. This is because the investment capacity depends on the efficiency and effectiveness of local public finance. Note that the fight against inequalities is related to the issues of sustainable development. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to assess the changes in the level of socioeconomic inequalities between rural municipalities and the importance of local public finance in bridging these inequalities, as illustrated by the example of Poland. The objective formulated above emanates from the research hypothesis advanced by the authors which assumes that a strong relationship exists between one’s own income and investment potential, on one side, and the socioeconomic development level of Polish rural municipalities, on the other. In the first stage of research, the levels of socioeconomic development of the municipalities surveyed were assessed with a synthetic indicator estimated using the TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution). The indicator served as a basis for building the typological classes of socioeconomic development at the municipal level. Following this, selected descriptive statistics methods were used to describe the typological classes of socioeconomic development. The second stage of research consisted of assessing the quantitative relationships between the development level and the financial situation of entities surveyed. This was done using the Pearson linear correlation coefficient and the pseudo-test of differences of means. As demonstrated in the analyses, Polish rural municipalities witnessed an improvement in their socioeconomic development level and a simultaneous reduction in development disparities. Also identified were the relationships between local public finance and development levels of rural municipalities. The empirical study also allowed us to confirm the research hypothesis formulated in this paper.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/20/5848/pdf

The Role of Local Finance in Overcoming Socioeconomic Inequalities in Polish Rural Areas

/pdf/samodzielnosc-finansowa-gmin-wiejskich-w-woj-wielkopolskim-4k78zjcnol.pdf

Agnieszka Kozera

Papers

The Importance of Local Investments Co-Financed by the European Union in the Field of Renewable Energy Sources in Rural Areas of Poland

Financial Autonomy of Local Government Units: Evidence from Polish Rural Municipalities

Wykorzystanie analizy dyskryminacyjnej w ocenie ryzyka upadłości przedsiębiorstw przemysłu mięsnego

The Role of Local Finance in Overcoming Socioeconomic Inequalities in Polish Rural Areas

Samodzielność finansowa gmin wiejskich w woj. wielkopolskim