Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are one of the principal reasons for statin non-adherence and/or discontinuation, contributing to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Consensus Panel overviews current understanding of the pathophysiology of statin-associated myopathy, and provides guidance for diagnosis and management of SAMS. Statin-associated myopathy, with significant elevation of serum creatine kinase (CK), is a rare but serious side effect of statins, affecting 1 per 1000 to 1 per 10 000 people on standard statin doses. Statin-associated muscle symptoms cover a broader range of clinical presentations, usually with normal or minimally elevated CK levels, with a prevalence of 7–29% in registries and observational studies. Preclinical studies show that statins decrease mitochondrial function, attenuate energy production, and alter muscle protein degradation, thereby providing a potential link between statins and muscle symptoms; controlled mechanistic and genetic studies in humans are necessary to further understanding. The Panel proposes to identify SAMS by symptoms typical of statin myalgia (i.e. muscle pain or aching) and their temporal association with discontinuation and response to repetitive statin re-challenge. In people with SAMS, the Panel recommends the use of a maximally tolerated statin dose combined with non-statin lipid-lowering therapies to attain recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets. The Panel recommends a structured work-up to identify individuals with clinically relevant SAMS generally to at least three different statins, so that they can be offered therapeutic regimens to satisfactorily address their cardiovascular risk. Further research into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may offer future therapeutic potential.

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Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy—European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management

Background—Many clinicians believe that statins cause muscle pain, but this has not been observed in clinical trials, and the effect of statins on muscle performance has not been carefully studied. Methods and Results—The Effect of Statins on Skeletal Muscle Function and Performance (STOMP) study assessed symptoms and measured creatine kinase, exercise capacity, and muscle strength before and after atorvastatin 80 mg or placebo was administered for 6 months to 420 healthy, statin-naive subjects. No individual creatine kinase value exceeded 10 times normal, but average creatine kinase increased 20.8±141.1 U/L (P<0.0001) with atorvastatin. There were no significant changes in several measures of muscle strength or exercise capacity with atorvastatin, but more atorvastatin than placebo subjects developed myalgia (19 versus 10; P=0.05). Myalgic subjects on atorvastatin or placebo had decreased muscle strength in 5 of 14 and 4 of 14 variables, respectively (P=0.69). Conclusions—These results indicate that high...

Effect of Statins on Skeletal Muscle Function

https://www.lipidjournal.com/article/S1933-2874(14)00160-3/pdf

An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update

https://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(13)01471-2/pdf

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Statin Adverse Effects and Intolerance: Canadian Working Group Consensus Update

Introduction: Musculoskeletal manifestations are well-recognized side effects of treatment with statins. New advances in this field have appeared in recent years. This review focuses on the diagnos...

/pdf/statin-induced-myalgia-and-myositis-an-update-on-4825335c1r.pdf

Statin-induced myalgia and myositis: an update on pathogenesis and clinical recommendations.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of muscle complications among patients using statins. Methods: We conducted a prospective comparative study on 345 patients receiving statins and compared the findings with an age- and gender-matched control group of 85 subjects. Univariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression models were used to study the association of different patient and disease characteristics with muscle complications. Results: Adverse reactions were reported by 21% of patients and 5.9% of controls (P = 0.0013). Objective weakness was found in 15% of the patients who reported muscle symptoms (3.2% of the total cohort), but not in controls. Older age, longer duration of statin use, diabetes, stroke, and lower body mass index were associated with increased risk of developing these symptoms. Conclusions: Adverse reactions to statins may be more common than previously reported, and they may be affected by specific patient and disease characteristics. Muscle Nerve 2011

Prevalence and risk factors of muscle complications secondary to statins

Big data has become much more widely used in recent years, particularly in the banking sector. Banks have begun to use big data to enhance customer experience, optimize operations, and create novel products and services. This study investigates the effect of big data governance on financial technology in Jordanian commercial banks. The study focuses on the four dimensions of big data governance: strategy and planning, ethics and social responsibility, data quality and management, and infrastructure and architecture. Additionally, the study considers the mediating role of organizational culture in the relationship between big data governance and financial technology. Primary data were collected from 250 IT employees working in Jordanian commercial banks, and the data were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The study findings indicate that big data governance has a significant positive effect on financial technology in Jordanian commercial banks. Additionally, it has been discovered that organizational culture partially mediates the relationship between big data governance and financial technology, emphasizing the significance of creating a culture that encourages the efficient use of data in fintech. In the context of Jordanian commercial banks, this study presents empirical evidence for the connection between big data governance and financial technology. The results indicate that big data governance measures should be applied while taking organizational culture into account as a potential mediator of the effects on financial technology. This study offers guidance on how to successfully integrate big data governance policies in commercial banks to advance financial technology for bank managers and policymakers.

/pdf/the-effect-of-big-data-governance-on-financial-technology-in-2f416o95.pdf

The effect of big data governance on financial technology in Jordanian commercial banks: The mediation role of organizational culture

This study aimed to find out the readiness of Jordanian commercial banks to implement blockchain technology. The population of this study consisted of thirteen Jordanian banks. The study targeted the employees of the higher departments represented by the general managers and their deputies, and the employees of the middle departments represented by the directors and heads of the departments of each of the finance, internal auditing, and information technology departments in Jordanian banks. The study used the survey method to collect data and the SPSS Statistics 20.0 program to process and analyze the data. The most important results of the study were the presence of a statistically significant impact of the banks’ readiness with its dimensions (administrative readiness, professional readiness, organizational readiness, and legislative readiness) in the blockchain technology with its dimensions (the use of blockchain technology, hashing, information, and time imprint). As for the most important recommendations, it crystallizes the need for Jordanian banks to carry out a continuous updating process on the data within the block, and to apply periodic tests on the block operations to verify that there are no gaps in the chain.

Ahmad Malkawi

Papers

Prevalence and risk factors of muscle complications secondary to statins

The effect of big data governance on financial technology in Jordanian commercial banks: The mediation role of organizational culture

The extent of commercial banks’ readiness to implement blockchain technology