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Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

Statistical Methods for Health Care Research

Book review818 pages The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduct, Critique and Utilization, N. Burns, S.K. Grove, W B Saunders (1993), ISBN: 0 721 63 742 6

Numerous studies on prayer have demonstrated the benefits of prayer on relationships, physical and mental health, and overall well-being Given the practical benefits of prayer, understanding how laypersons conceive of prayer could supply valuable information to practicing clinicians and researchers seeking to establish a more nuanced understanding on what qualities of prayer contribute to its benefits Utilizing a prototype approach, this study sought to understand how laypersons perceive the conceptual elements of prayer by identifying central and peripheral characteristics associated with prayer To effectively assess laypersons' perspectives on the concept of prayer, the researchers utilized a prototype approach to determine what features (eg thanking God, listening, comfort) are most commonly attributed to the concept of prayer The researchers conducted four studies that built on one another The participants in the four studies (Study 1: N = 73; Study 2: N = 57; Study 3: N = 245; Study 4: N = 48) were all undergraduate students from a large, public university in the Southeastern United States The median age of the samples was 19, and approximately 78% of the samples were female In Study 1, participants were asked to generate a list of characteristics and attributes they "think of when they think of the word prayer" (p 57) The list of all features generated by the participants were compiled, organized, and distilled into attribute categories of prayer Three research assistants were assigned to code the attributes in such a way to maintain unique characteristics associated with prayer, while eliminating redundant words or phrases with similar meanings The coding procedure extracted 232 prayer characteristics, of which 158 were eliminated due to being listed by two or less participants, leaving 74 prayer attributes Next, Study 2 presented the previously gathered prayer attributes to participants and asked them to rate the attributes on their centrality to prayer (ie how important each attribute is related to the concept of prayer) Participants rated the attributes centrality to prayer on an 8-point scale (1 = least central to 8 = most central) The participants also used an 8-point scale to rate how positive or negative an attribute was (1 = very negative to 8 = very positive) The mean centrality ratings were computed using descriptive statistics and listed in order of strength of centrality Some examples of the attributes with the highest centrality include God, Can be done at anytime, and Thanking God Additionally, the prayer attributes were generally rated positively (M = 554, SD =71), with 81% of the attributes receiving an average rating of 5 (out of 8) Some examples of highly positive items include, God, family, and love Study 3 assessed whether "participants perceived behaviors described in a scenario as better characterizing prayer when central, as opposed to peripheral, [attributes] were used in the description" (p …

Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

Aims and objectives To determine differences between baseline spiritual perspectives of nurses, patients and their families and examine the effectiveness of a spiritual care (SC) toolkit as an intervention to facilitate meeting spiritual needs of hospitalised patients and families. Background Provision of SC by nurses in the acute care environment is an issue of high priority for patients. Nurses report lack of time, comfort, training, cultural knowledge and mobilisation of resources as obstacles to SC delivery. Evidence points to positive patient outcomes and patient satisfaction, yet few studies include interventions to help nurses meet spiritual needs of patients and families. Design Descriptive and quasi-experimental design. Methods Patients, family members (n = 132) and nurses (n = 54) were administered SC surveys while hospitalised on two acute care units of a Midwest hospital system in the United States. Population represented patients suffering acute, chronic and terminal illness. Data collected over a 13-week period examined relationships between the groups spiritual perspectives and the effectiveness of a SC toolkit intervention. Results Significant differences between nurse-patient and nurse-family groups were found, whereas no significant differences existed between patient-family groups. A pretest-posttest revealed the SC toolkit aided in overcoming obstacles to nurses' SC delivery. Patients and their family members found the SC toolkit helpful. Conclusions Findings suggest an evidence-based SC toolkit has the propensity to help nurses meet spiritual needs of hospitalised patients and families. However, successful implementation and sustainability require organisational support, funding for resources and SC training for staff. Relevance to clinical practice A SC toolkit supplied with culturally sensitive faith resources supporting what patients and families value, believe and practice can be easily customised and implemented by any healthcare organisation in the world. Further investigation of SC toolkit effectiveness using multiple sites is recommended.

A Spiritual Care Toolkit: An evidence-based solution to meet spiritual needs.

This article reports on two studies to develop and validate an Arabic language version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). The first study was a pilot study at a major government university in Jordan (N = 75, students). The second and main study was conducted in 5 large regional hospitals in Jordan (N = 63, patients). The SWBS was translated from English to Arabic and reviewed by an expert panel for language, cultural, and spiritual consistency. The Arabic version of the SWBS was revised after the results of the pilot study and further reviewed by an expert panel. The resulting data were subjected to descriptive and factor analysis. Results showed that the final version of the SWBS used in the main study had a two-factor structure consistent with previous studies. Descriptive data for a range of demographic variables are presented. Issues of inadequate translation and lack of variation in responses for some items are identified and the results discussed in light of dominant Islamic theological frameworks. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

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An Arabic Version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale

Purpose: The spiritual dimension of a patient’s life is an important factor that may mediate detrimental impacts on mental health. The lack of research investigating spiritual well-being, religiosity, and mental health among Jordanian hemodialysis patients encouraged this research. This study explored levels of spiritual well-being and its associations with depression, anxiety, and stress. Design: A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational study. Method: A sample of 218 Jordanian Muslim hemodialysis patients completed a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and linear multivariate regression models. Findings: The hemodialysis patients had, on average, relatively low levels of spiritual well-being, moderate depression, severe anxiety, and mild to moderate stress. The results of the regression models indicated that aspects of spiritual well-being were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, but only existential well-being cons...

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Spiritual Well-Being, Depression, and Stress Among Hemodialysis Patients in Jordan

This study explored the frequency of providing aspects of spiritual care intervention and its association with nurses' own spiritual well-being in a convenience sample of 355 Jordanian Arab Muslim nurses. The nurses were recruited from different hospitals, representing both public and private health care sectors in northern and central Jordan. A cross-sectional descriptive and correlational design was used. Results indicated that Jordanian Muslim nurses provided religious aspects of spiritual care intervention to their Muslim patients infrequently and that their own spiritual well-being was positively associated with the frequency of provision of spiritual care interventions. The study concluded that Jordanian Muslim nurses most frequently provided spiritual care interventions that were existential, not overtly religious, were commonly used, were more traditional, and did not require direct nurse involvement. Moreover, the findings revealed that spiritual well-being was important to those nurses, which has implications for improving the provision of spiritual care intervention. The study provides information that enables nurses, nursing managers, and nursing educators to evaluate the nurses' provision of various aspects of spiritual care to their Muslim patients, and to identify aspects of spiritual care intervention where nurses might receive training to become competent in providing this care.

Spiritual Care Intervention and Spiritual Well-Being: Jordanian Muslim Nurses’ Perspectives

This study explores the associations between spiritual beliefs and practices, religiosity, and spiritual well-being for Jordanian Arab Muslim university students. A convenience sample of 553 students was recruited from northern Jordan. The findings showed that participants with greater spiritual beliefs and practices and religiosity were more likely to have better spiritual well-being, religious well-being, and existential well-being. Only income had a significant effect on the spiritual well-being and existential well-being. In conclusion, the findings revealed that spirituality and religiosity are important to the lives of young Arab Muslims, which has potential implications for well-being.

Spiritual Beliefs and Practices, Religiosity, and Spiritual Well-Being Among Jordanian Arab Muslim University Students in Jordan

This study reported the differences in factor structure of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) among Jordanian Arab and Malaysian Muslim participants and further examined its validity and reliability. A convenience sample of 553 Jordanian Arab and 183 Malaysian Malay Muslim university students was recruited from governmental universities in northern Jordan. The findings of this study revealed that this scale consists of two factors for the Jordanian Arab group, representing the "Religious Well-Being" and the "Existential Well-Being" subscales, and consists of three factors for the Malaysian group, representing the "Affiliation/Meaning and Purpose," "Positive Existential Well-Being/God Caring and Love," and "Alienation/Despair" subscales. In conclusion, the factor structure of the SWBS for both groups in this study was psychometrically sound with evidence of acceptable to good validity and reliability. Furthermore, this study supported the multidimensional nature of the SWBS and the earlier notion that ethnicity shapes responses to this scale.

Factor Structure of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale: Cross-Cultural Comparisons Between Jordanian Arab and Malaysian Muslim University Students in Jordan.

Ahmad S. Musa

Papers

An Arabic Version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale

Spiritual Well-Being, Depression, and Stress Among Hemodialysis Patients in Jordan

Spiritual Care Intervention and Spiritual Well-Being: Jordanian Muslim Nurses’ Perspectives

Spiritual Beliefs and Practices, Religiosity, and Spiritual Well-Being Among Jordanian Arab Muslim University Students in Jordan

Factor Structure of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale: Cross-Cultural Comparisons Between Jordanian Arab and Malaysian Muslim University Students in Jordan.