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Numerical Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow

Nanomaterials have emerged as an amazing class of materials that consists of a broad spectrum of examples with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Exceptionally high surface areas can be achieved through the rational design of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials can be produced with outstanding magnetic, electrical, optical, mechanical, and catalytic properties that are substantially different from their bulk counterparts. The nanomaterial properties can be tuned as desired via precisely controlling the size, shape, synthesis conditions, and appropriate functionalization. This review discusses a brief history of nanomaterials and their use throughout history to trigger advances in nanotechnology development. In particular, we describe and define various terms relating to nanomaterials. Various nanomaterial synthesis methods, including top-down and bottom-up approaches, are discussed. The unique features of nanomaterials are highlighted throughout the review. This review describes advances in nanomaterials, specifically fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon quantum dots, nanodiamonds, carbon nanohorns, nanoporous materials, core–shell nanoparticles, silicene, antimonene, MXenes, 2D MOF nanosheets, boron nitride nanosheets, layered double hydroxides, and metal-based nanomaterials. Finally, we conclude by discussing challenges and future perspectives relating to nanomaterials.

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Nanomaterials: a review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges

Veterinary Clinical Pathology.

Conducting polymers are extensively studied due to their outstanding properties, including tunable electrical property, optical and high mechanical properties, easy synthesis and effortless fabrication and high environmental stability over conventional inorganic materials Although conducting polymers have a lot of limitations in their pristine form, hybridization with other materials overcomes these limitations The synergetic effects of conducting polymer composites give them wide applications in electrical, electronics and optoelectronic fields An in-depth analysis of composites of conducting polymers with carbonaceous materials, metal oxides, transition metals and transition metal dichalcogenides etc is used to study them effectively Here in this review we seek to describe the transport models which help to explain the conduction mechanism, relevant synthesis approaches, and physical properties, including electrical, optical and mechanical properties Recent developments in their applications in the fields of energy storage, photocatalysis, anti-corrosion coatings, biomedical applications and sensing applications are also explained Structural properties play an important role in the performance of the composites

/pdf/conducting-polymers-a-comprehensive-review-on-recent-18t8c0vrl3.pdf

Conducting polymers: a comprehensive review on recent advances in synthesis, properties and applications

A wide variety of coating methods and materials are available for different coating applications with a common purpose of protecting a part or structure exposed to mechanical or chemical damage. A benefit of this protective function is to decrease manufacturing cost since fabrication of new parts is not needed. Available coating materials include hard and stiff metallic alloys, ceramics, bio-glasses, polymers, and engineered plastic materials, giving designers a variety freedom of choices for durable protection. To date, numerous processes such as physical/chemical vapor deposition, micro-arc oxidation, sol–gel, thermal spraying, and electrodeposition processes have been introduced and investigated. Although each of these processes provides advantages, there are always drawbacks limiting their application. However, there are many solutions to overcome deficiencies of coating techniques by using the benefits of each process in a multi-method coating. In this article, these coating methods are categorized, and compared. By developing more advanced coating techniques and materials it is possible to enhance the qualities of protection in the future.

On Coating Techniques for Surface Protection: A Review

2D nanomaterials are finding numerous applications in next-generation electronics, consumer goods, energy generation and storage, and healthcare. The rapid rise of utility and applications for 2D nanomaterials necessitates developing means for their mass production. This study details a new compressible flow exfoliation method for producing 2D nanomaterials using a multiphase flow of 2D layered materials suspended in a high-pressure gas undergoing expansion. The expanded gassolid mixture is sprayed in a suitable solvent, where a significant portion (up to 10% yield) of the initial hexagonal boron nitride material is found to be exfoliated with a mean thickness of 4.2 nm. The exfoliation is attributed to the high shear rates ((Formula presented.) > 105 s−1) generated by supersonic flow of compressible gases inside narrow orifices and converging-diverging channels. This method has significant advantages over current 2D material exfoliation methods, such as chemical intercalation and exfoliation, as well as liquid phase shear exfoliation, with the most obvious benefit being the fast, continuous nature of the process. Other advantages include environmentally friendly processing, reduced occurrence of defects, and the versatility to be applied to any 2D layered material using any gaseous medium. Scaling this process to industrial production has a strong possibility of reducing the cost of creating 2D nanomaterials. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

High-Throughput Continuous Production of Shear-Exfoliated 2D Layered Materials using Compressible Flows

Surface Modification of Polymers: Methods and Applications

Reasons for performing study Colic is an important health problem in managed horse populations. Currently, there is limited information about colic prevalence and risk factors for colic in working horse populations. Objectives To determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, colic in a working horse population in Egypt and to describe management practices in this working horse population. Study design Cross‐sectional survey. Methods Owners of 350 working horses were interviewed. Data about their horses, management and colic episodes in the preceding 12 months were collected. Dental examination was conducted on 342 horses and blood samples (n = 100) were collected for immunodiagnosis of tapeworm (Anoplocephala perfoliata) infection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for a history of colic in the preceding 12 months. Results The 12‐month prevalence of colic was 54.6%. Severe and moderate tapeworm infection intensity was identified in 3% and 26% of horses tested, respectively. Horses that had severe dental disease (odds ratio [OR ] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI ] 1.9–24.3, P<0.001), that displayed stereotypic behaviour (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.15–3.5, P = 0.013), were fed ground corn during the ‘dry season’ (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.03–2.6, P = 0.035) or that had received an anthelmintic in the previous 6 months (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.3, P = 0.003) were more likely to have a history of colic in the preceding 12 months. Horses fed on rice bran during the ‘green season’ (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26–0.9, P = 0.015) and that displayed geophagia/coprophagia (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05–0.73, P = 0.001) were less likely to have a history of colic. Conclusions Colic is common in this working horse population and this study has identified factors associated with altered likelihood of colic. The study provides important information that may be used to inform future prospective studies investigating colic in working horse populations and to assist development of preventive healthcare strategies.

Colic in a working horse population in Egypt: Prevalence and risk factors

Prediction of ice accumulation on bridge cables during freezing rain: A theoretical modeling and experimental study

Materials and Methods Foreign body impaction has been recorded in bovine [1, 2] and ovine [3] specifically in developing countries due to lack of recycling industries wastes. Additionally, malnutrition and unbalanced dietary habits lead to a variety of nutritional deficiencies which result in pica and ingestion of materials other than normal food including wastes [4]. Most of these wastes are indigestible and their accumulation in the rumen of grazing animals may lead to adverse effect on health [5]. Ingestion of indigestible materials hinders the process of fermentation and mixing of contents leading to indigestion. They also obstruct the orifice between reticulum and omasum and if not removed through surgery, may become fatal. These foreign bodies cannot be digested or passed as such through feces by an animal. In most cases with foreign body impaction there were no or less abnormalities on hematological and biochemical examination [6]. Although, the diagnosis of foreign body impaction in small ruminant based on palpation of abdomen [7], it was difficult to distinguish pregnancy from foreign body impaction. Therefore a further aid is required to reach a definitive diagnosis. Radiography is currently the reference standard method in diagnosis [8], but it has a disadvantage in that both the patient and staff are exposed to radiation and difficulty of its application under field condition. Ultrasonographic examination was considered also important for differential diagnosis between pregnancy and rumino-reticular foreign materials without risk of radiation. To our knowledge there are very scarce reports in the context of using ultrasonography to attain the definite diagnosis of foreign body impaction in ovine. The results of this paper describe the ultrasonographic feature of foreign body as well as the feature of rumen and reticulum in healthy and diseased goats. Additionally, haemato-biochemical, ruminal juice and necropsy findings were reported.

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Ahmed Abdelaal

Papers

High-Throughput Continuous Production of Shear-Exfoliated 2D Layered Materials using Compressible Flows

Surface Modification of Polymers: Methods and Applications

Colic in a working horse population in Egypt: Prevalence and risk factors

Prediction of ice accumulation on bridge cables during freezing rain: A theoretical modeling and experimental study

Selected studies on foreign body impaction in goats with special reference to ultrasonography.