Начала политической экономии и податного обложения = The principles of political economy and taxation

Under Vietnam’s State land ownership regime, the Government holds supreme authority over compulsory land acquisition. The results show that many improvements in land acquisition policies have been made, but poor implementation measures largely cannot prevent or even mitigate the adverse impacts on displaced persons. In particular, ineffective compensation measures and a lack of production land and livelihood alternatives accelerate the resistance of communities displaced as a result of hydropower development. The close alliance between the local government and the investor, which is considered as an “interest group”, is the main factor that leads to the ignorance of benefits of displaced people within the compulsory land acquisition process.

/pdf/compensation-and-resettlement-policies-after-compulsory-land-4y1ymplzhj.pdf

Compensation and Resettlement Policies after Compulsory Land Acquisition for Hydropower Development in Vietnam: Policy and Practice

System dynamics modelling for defining livelihood strategies for women smallholder farmers in lowland and upland regions of northern Vietnam: A comparative analysis

This study on women in the Philippines, particularly in Benguet which is the largest vegetable producer in the country, was undertaken in order to provide a wider interpretation of the contribution of women farmers to agricultural productivity, as well as to look into the relations between feminization of agriculture, and women's occupational health Methods employed in this study included personal interviews to look into the knowledge, involvement, and contribution of women in agricultural farming as well as a survey to look into women"s perceived occupational health issues and healthcare provision by the local government The study showed that women play a key role in farming activities including seeding, weeding, pesticide application, harvesting, and marketing of crops Women are regarded by men in Benguet as integral partners in farming, and they hold and control agriculture-derived incomes The study showed that ill health of women farmers is affected by the trends and processes of feminization in the agricultural sector Health policies and programs therefore cannot be separated from considering how economic production affects women's health Health should be understood within the context of economic production and relations of production Keywords: feminization of agriculture; women's occupational health; Philippines Introduction Gender-based norms vary across cultures Almost all cultures are unfavorable to women, situating them in disadvantageous positions in relation to men (Singh etal, 2009) Gender biases influence how work is recognized, valued and supported with consequences at the aggregate and personal level (George, 2007) In this study, women's work issues were investigated in order to have an understanding of gender issues in this agricultural part in the Philippines In many communities, farming is generally considered to be men's work, particularly when it is market oriented (Zakaria etal, 1998) However, the number of females participating in agricultural sector has been increasing In Canada, 25 per cent of the farm owners are women, and 47 per cent of females comprise the enumerated farm population In the said study population, half of the rural women are homemakers yet are also involved in farm activities (Dimich-Ward etal, 2004) In China, women constitute about 70 per cent of the agricultural labor force and perform more than 70 per cent of farm labor In India, 75 per cent of all women workers are in agriculture (Kelkar, 2009) Even in comparison with other business segments, women's participation in agriculture is relatively increasing (Meeker etal, 2002) McCoy etal, (2002) noted that women do not only participate in traditional roles but they also work with their husbands in farming Meeker etal, (2002) stated in their study that women are directly involved in fanning operations In addition, Ilcan (2002) reported that women in Turkey perform labor-intensive operations such as ploughing, hoeing, planting, weeding, and caring for and feeding animals, and harvesting wheat and corn Women are essential in economic development, especially in rural agricultural economies but they face specific constraints (Njuki, 2010) Evidence from many countries show that women usually do not benefit automatically from agricultural development projects (Holmes and Slatter, 2007) This is also evident even in the provision of agricultural extension services, access to credit, agro- technological innovations, technology transfer, and land rights (Singh etal, 2009) According to Danso etal, (2004), the power to access and control tangible and intangible resources, as well as in the division of labour at the household level and among farming activities are highly gendered Although women play a central role in food production and food security, they are still underdog in terms of access to productive resources, extension services, marketing, information and credit …

/pdf/relations-of-feminization-of-agriculture-and-women-s-32f8nwkv5f.pdf

Relations of Feminization of Agriculture and Women's Occupational Health- The Case of Women Farmers in the Philippines

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the “organic” phenomenon within a sample of companies and try to depict the main business model (BM) features and profiles.,The methodology used for the current research is twofold: first, a literature analysis has been conducted in order to highlight the gap in the existing literature. Then, the different BM profiles were investigated through a survey questionnaire conducted among a sample of Italian organic companies and organic districts. The evidence from the literature review supported the researchers during the empirical phase.,From the literature review, it emerged that studies on the BMs of organic companies and organic districts need a deep analysis and a literature gap on this topic has emerged. From the BM point of view, clustering sheds light on proactive companies, which are characterized by a higher level of education among entrepreneurs, greater investments in the business and the sale of products within and outside of the domestic market.,Limitations include the number of answers collected through surveys and the focus on a single country.,The main practical implication focuses on the regulatory bodies that should better understand the BMs characteristics implementing adequate policies for the development of organic companies and districts.,The main practical implication focuses on the regulatory bodies that should better understand the BM characteristics and implement adequate policies for the development of organic companies and districts.

Organic companies’ business models: emerging profiles in Italian bio-districts

Malaysia achieved dramatic economic growth through foreign investment in the industrial sector from the 80s. This led to the creation and expansion of employment opportunities in multi-national companies and factories built mostly on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. People started to be employed full-time or part-time in the industrial sector located in rural or urban areas. In the rural area this has created great impact on the employment structure of the traditional rice farming villages. It is possible to assume a deagrarianization process in villages which lie closely connected to the impact of industrialization. The impact of industrialization might have caused deagrarianization of the traditional employment structure, especially among paddy farmers in the west cost of Peninsular Malaysia. This paper aims to examine the actual changes and influential factors in employment structure, based on a case study in Kampung Permatang Tinggi Bakar Bata, Sebrang Prai. A survey was conducted in 2006 among 42 Malay paddy farmers and 58 workers using a structured questionnaire. Kampung Permatang Tinggi Bakar Bata, Sebrang Prai is located in one of the main rice granaries and is adjacent to the industrial zone in the north of Penang. In order to discriminate types of job, quantification method type II was used in the analysis to discriminate outside variables by qualitative data. The results of the study indicated that there was a clear change in employment structure among the paddy farmers. The number of full-time farmers decreased and the number of part-time farmers increased in this area from the 1980s to 2000s. The study also revealed that age was the most important factor in choosing between on-farm and off-farm work, and between full-time and part-time work in the study village.

Employment structure in a rice farming village in malaysia: a case study in sebrang prai

Red River Delta is one of the main rice producing regions in Vietnam. With la rge variations in natural conditions, the Red River Delta is suitable for development of different types of crops and animals. In recent years, the importance of fisheries, aquaculture and fruit trees have been increasing. With the average farming area per household in Red River Delta being 0.28 ha (2005), land is a limiting factor in generating sufficient income. Most farmers resort to diversifying their farming to high value crops such as vegetables, fruit trees, and livestock for urban markets, or engagi ng in non-farm activities. The result of this trend is the emergence of tenancy among farmers. This paper attempts to clarify the determination and function of rice land tenancy within the context of the economic structure in three villages in the North o f Vietnam. A series of questionnaire surveys were conducted in 2010- 2011 in the villages of Hung Yen (A), Bac Ninh (B), and Hai Phong (C) Provinces which are located in the Red River Delta. The main findings of the research are as follows. There is an increasing area of non-rice production with the appearance of different kinds of tenurial status in different villages. The tenurial status changes with the age of the farmers, indicating the influence of life -cycle on farmers’ economic behavior. There is also heavy dependence upon kinship ties in landlord-tenant relations. The production function analysis revealed that the increased use of land, labor, seed and fertilizer could lead to a higher rice production. The average rental under the predominant form of tenancy appeared to be equal to the marginal product of land, but under the contracts established between relatives, the average rental was much lower than the marginal product.

Land tenure and tenancy conditions in relation to rice production in three villages in the red river delta, vietnam

The long term development of Vietnamese agriculture depends on the efficient and effective use of land. In Vietnam, farmlands operat ed formerly by communes were redistributed among their members in the 1980s under Doimoi Policy. Land and related policies have direct effects on the livelihood of rural populations thro ugh influences on land tenure, farm size, fragmentation of land holdings, land use, and land credit markets. The average farm size in Red River Delta ranges from 0.2 ha to 0.3 ha per househ old and the plots of cultivated land are scattered over an average of 6 places. For the near future, f ood crops and rice are still the dominant crops but changes in land use are undoubtedly occurring. Low profitability cash crops have been abandoned in favor of crops offering higher returns such as hort icultural crops. This paper aims to clarify the current land tenure systems, including the pattern of land holding and the existing tenancy contracts of the farm households, and to investigate the rece nt changes in land use systems for agricultural production. Data were collected by a questionnaire survey, conducted in February 2008 in Da Ton Commune, Gia Lam District, Hanoi. It was found that about 75% of households had farm land area of under 0.36 ha, and the total number of land plot s of the 35 households investigated was 204, of which 70% were smaller than 0.09 ha in size. This c ommune experienced drastic changes in land use patterns and recently there emerged tenancy con tracts. More than 70% of contracts were for fruit land. It was considered that tenancy contracts were influenced not only by economic factors but also by social factors.

Land tenure systems and rental determination in a suburban villate in Hanoi, Vietnam.

The hilly and mountainous areas contribute about 40% to the entire agricultural sector in Japan, but agricultural decline has become very apparent in recent decades. There is a great need for revitalization of hill farming by adopt ing strategic approaches in order to maintain the food production of the country. This paper aims to describe the serious problems facing hill and mountain farming as well as the current status of organic farming in Japan, and to present the case of Joetsu Tokyo Nodai, Inc. established in 2008 in order to deal with these problems.

Revitalization of hill farming through organic agriculture in Japan: the Joetsu Tokyo Nodai as a business model.

This study focuses on the structure of household expenditure in discovering the real condition of household economy in rice-growing villages. We identified actual expenses and detailed consumption items for basic subsistence at the household level in two villages. The expenditure function in the two villages indicates that the head of the household, on-farm income and off-farm income are major determinants influencing the expenditure patterns and items bought by the household. In Kg. HC off-farm income and remittances determine household expenditure rather than on-farm income. The results indicate a contrast in expenditure behaviour at the household level between the two villages, where off-farm income in Kg. HC was strongly related to household expenditure while in the case of Kg. PTBB the relationship was influenced by on-farm income.

Akimi Fujimoto

Papers

Employment structure in a rice farming village in malaysia: a case study in sebrang prai

Land tenure and tenancy conditions in relation to rice production in three villages in the red river delta, vietnam

Land tenure systems and rental determination in a suburban villate in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Revitalization of hill farming through organic agriculture in Japan: the Joetsu Tokyo Nodai as a business model.

The changing structure of farm household economy in Malay rice-growing villages