changes in public opinion and advocacy around mental illness; and the desire of states to reduce costs of operating mental hospitals. Chapter 5 discusses the second wave of deinstitutionalization, which involved people with mental retardation. Stroman briefly discusses many of the stereotypes about people with mental retardation and then documents the number of people with mental retardation who have been institutionalized in America. The number of people with mental retardation in institutions grew steadily over the last century until 1967, when a total of 194,657 people were institutionalized. Since then, there has been a significant decline, and most recent figures indicate that around 50,000 people with mental retardation remain in institutions today. Again, Stroman identifies six factors behind this process of deinstitutionalization: criticisms of the poor quality of life in institutions; the influence of the advocacy movement; the development of a new ethos of inclusion, normalization, and integration; President Kennedy’s support of deinstitutionalization; increasing costs associated with institutions; and judicial responses to a growing era of reform, protest, and civil rights. In “Multiple Waves of Changes for Persons with Physical Disabilities,” Stroman discusses various historical milestones aimed at addressing the needs of physically disabled people, including Workers Compensation Schemes, assistance for injured military personnel, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The growth of disability protests in the last 30 years is also acknowledged, and the birth of the Independent Living Movement is recognized as a major advance for the rights and freedoms of disabled people. In the final chapter, “The Growing Wave of Self-Determination,” Stroman outlines how self-determination works in practice, through individualized planning and budgeting, the use of service brokers and fiscal intermediaries, and individual choice in service selection. He also explores the conflicts and tensions existing between the needs of disability service providers and disabled people as consumers of services. Overall, this book makes some useful contributions to the study of disability policy and public policy. My main criticisms surround its rather narrow (and largely unarticulated) positivist framework, which limits the scope and breath of analysis. This positivist framework means that there is no attempt to connect disability as an area of social inequality to wider social structures such as classism, racism, and sexism, and there is insufficient attention paid to the connections between disability and identity politics.

Policing ContingenciesPolicing Contingencies, by ManningPeter K.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003. 298 pp. $35.00 cloth. ISBN: 0-226-50351-8.

The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook

Cyber crime is a concerning issue and threat for the information and communication technology (ICT) sector of Bangladesh. Significant numbers of Dhaka city dwellers mostly secondary level (13 to 19 years old) students are doing this unlawful crime consciously or unconsciously. Here, computer is used either as a tool or target or both. There is apparently no distinction between cyber and conventional crime. The differentiation lies in the involvement of the medium in cases of cyber crime. But the identification of crime and implementation of law both are new in our society. It indicates the frequent incidence of cyber crime among the secondary school students of Dhaka city. Hacking, credit card fraud, software piracy, cyber identity theft, cloning of website/phishing, pornography, cyber defamation, virus dissemination and cyber stalking are the common cyber crime in Dhaka City.

/pdf/nature-of-the-cyber-crime-activities-among-the-secondary-uksfapxurf.pdf

Nature of the Cyber Crime Activities among the Secondary Student in Dhaka City of Bangladesh: A Baseline Study

Over the past 30 years, forensic science and the analysis of physical evidence have become increasingly influential in courtroom proceedings. Although, forensic evidence and expert testimony has been utilized on the state and federal level, it is introduced into trials relatively unchecked and scrutinized. Today’s media not only provides knowledge and understanding of the different types of forensic science fields, but also has become the main information source where people learn about the law. The media is also thought to have inspired a “CSI effect” which distorts jurors’ views by asserting that forensic science and technology has the ability to generate evidence. Past research has been conducted on certain demographic variables and their effect on jury verdicts, but there has been little research on the impact of age on jury decisions. In addition, although juries are cross-generational, past studies have been conducted primarily using college age students as mock jurors. It is the goal of this study to determine if there is a correlation between the tech effect, the age of jurors and trial verdicts. A questionnaire was administered to a cross generational sample which includes both fixed response and Likert based questions. The results may be used in the future to assist court officials in creating more effective ways to address jurors, their expectations and knowledge.

https://medcraveonline.com/FRCIJ/FRCIJ-01-00016.pdf

Tech Effect and Generational Age Implications on Jury Verdicts

Cyber Forensics is an emerging discipline offering significant career opportunities. Professionals in this discipline combat identity theft, corporate theft, cyber terrorism, and the exploitation of minors. To meet the current and growing need of these professionals, Robert Morris University has developed a new and innovative Bachelor of Science in Cyber Forensics and Information Security (BS-CFIS). This paper describes the rationale, development, and implementation of this new undergraduate degree program. Initial enrollment projections are cited in relation to actual student enrollment for the first year of the program. In addition, future enrollment projections for the new degree program are explored.

Cyber forensics and information security: a new and innovative bachelor's degree program

In past studies, proponents of the CSI-Effect (Crime Scene Investigation Effect) proposed that jurors tend to acquit suspects when forensic evidence is not as prevalent as it is in television crime dramas. The newer “Tech-Effect” (Technology Effect) proponents argue that crime dramas do not influence jurors; rather, jurors have heightened expectations for technical and scientific evidence simply because technology is so prevalent. It is further argued that the heightened expectations for technological and digital evidence may increase a juror's tendency to acquit a suspect. This study surveyed 107 students in a mid-sized, Southeastern state college to determine if a Tech-Effect exists, and if so, could this effect have a negative impact on juror credibility? A follow-up to a 2011 study, the current research attempted to answer two questions: 1) Will students in IS/IT degree programs demonstrate greater knowledge of forensic technology in cases involving digital evidence?, and 2) Will students in IS/IT programs demonstrate higher acquittal rates in cases involving digital evidence? The findings of the current study address the two research questions above and provide further evidence of a "tech-effect" in our society. In addition, the results revealed interesting differences between the two studies.

Alan Davis

Papers

Cyber forensics and information security: a new and innovative bachelor's degree program

The new tech effect: a comparative analysis of two universities

Applying Behavioral Theory To Inform How Provider-Level Characteristics Affect TBI Screening Adoption In Behavioral Healthcare