unity underlying phenomenal appearances needs to be tested in the ancient Indian context. My inclination is that the answer may be found in the Mahābhārata – though considerably later than the oldest Upaniṣads – because there money seems not to be often distinguished from more general senses of wealth, and yet the ātman theory is accepted as a given. This may reflect its ‘warrior’ concern for wealth as material goods, cattle and horses, rather than money, but it may also be a sign that the influence of monetised economies on ancient Indian ontologies has already been determined previously, and the transitional period is not reflected in later texts.

Universe and Inner Self in Early Indian and Early Greek Thought

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Aristotle on Kosmos and Kosmoi

How did the ancient Greeks and Romans conceptualise order? This book answers that question by analysing the formative concept of kosmos ('order', 'arrangement', 'ornament') in ancient literature, philosophy, science, art, and religion. This concept encouraged the Greeks and Romans to develop theories to explain core aspects of human life, including nature, beauty, society, politics, the individual, and what lies beyond human experience. Hence, Greek kosmos, and its Latin correlate mundus, are subjects of profound reflection by a wide range of important ancient figures, including philosophers (Parmenides, Empedocles, the Pythagoreans, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Lucretius, Cicero, Seneca, Plotinus), poets and playwrights (Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Plautus, Marcus Argentarius, Nonnus), intellectuals (Gorgias, Protagoras, Varro), and religious exegetes (Philo, the Gospel Writers, Paul). By revealing kosmos in its many ancient manifestations, this book asks us to rethink our own sense of 'order', and to reflect on our place within a broader cosmic history.

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Cosmos in the ancient world.

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Cosmic Spiritualism among the Pythagoreans, Stoics, Jews, and Early Christians

When DidKosmosBecome theKosmos

Allusions to a cosmogony contained in a Vedic hymn (RV 10.129) present striking analogies to a cosmogony attributed to the Pythagoreans by Aristotle, Simplicius and Stobaeus. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the extent to which they are similar and to which their differences respond to different cultural premises.

Alberto Bernabé

Papers

Pythagorean Cosmogony and Vedic Cosmogony (RV 10.129). Analogies and Differences