抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Wetting phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and technology. A solid substrate exposed to the environment is almost invariably covered by a layer of fluid material. In this review, the surface forces that lead to wetting are considered, and the equilibrium surface coverage of a substrate in contact with a drop of liquid. Depending on the nature of the surface forces involved, different scenarios for wetting phase transitions are possible; recent progress allows us to relate the critical exponents directly to the nature of the surface forces which lead to the different wetting scenarios. Thermal fluctuation effects, which can be greatly enhanced for wetting of geometrically or chemically structured substrates, and are much stronger in colloidal suspensions, modify the adsorption singularities. Macroscopic descriptions and microscopic theories have been developed to understand and predict wetting behavior relevant to microfluidics and nanofluidics applications. Then the dynamics of wetting is examined. A drop, placed on a substrate which it wets, spreads out to form a film. Conversely, a nonwetted substrate previously covered by a film dewets upon an appropriate change of system parameters. The hydrodynamics of both wetting and dewetting is influenced by the presence of the three-phase contact line separating "wet" regions from those that are either dry or covered by a microscopic film only. Recent theoretical, experimental, and numerical progress in the description of moving contact line dynamics are reviewed, and its relation to the thermodynamics of wetting is explored. In addition, recent progress on rough surfaces is surveyed. The anchoring of contact lines and contact angle hysteresis are explored resulting from surface inhomogeneities. Further, new ways to mold wetting characteristics according to technological constraints are discussed, for example, the use of patterned surfaces, surfactants, or complex fluids.

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Wetting and Spreading

Annual review of condensed matter physics

Journal of Statistical Mechanics: theory and experiment

Tables of integrals

Criticality in the approach to failure in granular materials and amorphous solids

We study the relaxation of an elastic string in a two dimensional pinning landscape using Langevin dynamics simulations. The relaxation of a line, initially flat, is characterized by a growing length, L(t), separating the equilibrated short length scales from the flat long distance geometry that keep memory of the initial condition. We find that, in the long time limit, L(t) has a non-algebraic growth, consistent with thermally activated jumps over barriers with power law scaling, U(L)~Lθ.

Non–equilibrium relaxation of an elastic string in random media

We study the anomalous dynamics of a tagged monomer of a Rouse polymer chain. In presence of harmonic pinning or harmonic absorption, an exact solution shows that a unique steady state is reached at long times. However, the initial configuration of the polymer strongly affects the approach to the steady state, that we explicitly compute for the one-dimensional case. Generalizations to higher dimensions and elastic interfaces are also discussed.

Anomalous dynamics of a tagged monomer of a long polymer chain: The case of harmonic pinning and harmonic absorption

We study scaling properties of the honeycomb fully packed loop ensemble associated with a lozenge tiling model of rough surface, when the latter is driven out of equilibrium by Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) type dynamics. We show numerically that conformal invariance and signatures of critical percolation appear in the stationary KPZ state. In terms of the two-component Coulomb gas description of the Edwards-Wilkinson stationary state, our finding is understood as the invariance of one component under the effect of the non-linear KPZ term. On the other hand, we show a breaking of conformal invariance when the level lines of the other component are considered.

Conformal invariance of loop ensembles under Kardar-Parisi-Zhang dynamics

The effects of superconducting fluctuations (SF) on the diamagnetic susceptibility and on the dynamical spin susceptibility in oriented powders of underdoped YBCO123 (U) are investigated and compared with the ones in the optimally doped compound (O). In U the 63Cu relaxation rate W, and then the spin susceptibility, around Tc+ is only slightly affected by a magnetic field, in contrast with the case of O compound. The temperature dependence of W and the sizeable enhancement of the diamagnetic fluctuations in U evidence the breakdown of the conventional theory for the SF, possibly related to fluctuating pairs of polaronic character, in the presence of charge inhomogeneities.

Alberto Rosso

Papers

Criticality in the approach to failure in granular materials and amorphous solids

Non–equilibrium relaxation of an elastic string in random media

Anomalous dynamics of a tagged monomer of a long polymer chain: The case of harmonic pinning and harmonic absorption

Conformal invariance of loop ensembles under Kardar-Parisi-Zhang dynamics

Fluctuation effects in underdoped YBCO from susceptibility and nuclear relaxation