Location information for events, assets, and individuals, mostly focusing on two dimensions so far, has triggered a multitude of applications across different verticals, such as consumer, networking, industrial, health care, public safety, and emergency response use cases. To fully exploit the potential of location awareness and enable new advanced location-based services, localization algorithms need to be combined with complementary technologies including accurate height estimation, i.e., three dimensional location, reliable user mobility classification, and efficient indoor mapping solutions. This survey provides a comprehensive review of such enabling technologies. In particular, we present cellular localization systems including recent results on 5G localization, and solutions based on wireless local area networks, highlighting those that are capable of computing 3D location in multi-floor indoor environments. We overview range-free localization schemes, which have been traditionally explored in wireless sensor networks and are nowadays gaining attention for several envisioned Internet of Things applications. We also present user mobility estimation techniques, particularly those applicable in cellular networks, that can improve localization and tracking accuracy. Regarding the mapping of physical space inside buildings for aiding tracking and navigation applications, we study recent advances and focus on smartphone-based indoor simultaneous localization and mapping approaches. The survey concludes with service availability and system scalability considerations, as well as security and privacy concerns in location architectures, discusses the technology roadmap, and identifies future research directions.

A Survey of Enabling Technologies for Network Localization, Tracking, and Navigation

Indoor location based services challenges, requirements and usability of current solutions

Eye movement analysis is gaining popularity as a tool for evaluation of visual displays and interfaces However, the existing methods and tools for analyzing eye movements and scanpaths are limited in terms of the tasks they can support and effectiveness for large data and data with high variation We have performed an extensive empirical evaluation of a broad range of visual analytics methods used in analysis of geographic movement data The methods have been tested for the applicability to eye tracking data and the capability to extract useful knowledge about users' viewing behaviors This allowed us to select the suitable methods and match them to possible analysis tasks they can support The paper describes how the methods work in application to eye tracking data and provides guidelines for method selection depending on the analysis tasks

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Visual Analytics Methodology for Eye Movement Studies

Self-localization is the process of identifying one's current position on a map, and it is a crucial part of any wayfinding process. During self-localization the wayfinder matches visually perceptible features of the environment, such as landmarks, with map symbols to constrain potential locations on the map. The success of this visual matching process constitutes an important factor for the success of self-localization. In this research we aim at observing the visual matching process between environment and map during self-localization with real-world mobile eye tracking. We report on one orientation and one self-localization experiment, both in an outdoor urban environment. The gaze data collected during the experiments show that successful participants put significantly more visual attention to those symbols on the map that were helpful in the given situation than unsuccessful participants. A sequence analysis revealed that they also had significantly more switches of visual attention between map symbols and their corresponding landmarks in the environment, which suggests they were following a more effective self-localization strategy.

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Where Am I? Investigating Map Matching During Self‐Localization With Mobile Eye Tracking in an Urban Environment

The use of computer-generated perspective views, often named as three-dimensional (3D) maps, is growing. These terrain visualisations should be more understandable for users without cartographic education, which are not familiar with contour lines. Within the study, two eye-tracking experiments and online questionnaire were used for investigating the difference between user cognition of classical two-dimensional (2D) visualisation with contour lines and perspective 3D view. Questionnaire was focused on maps understandability, suitability and aesthetics. Results of the questionnaire shows, that the majority of participants prefer 3D visualisation. First eye-tracking experiment was designed as a pair of maps in one stimulus. One shows 2D visualisation, the other 3D visualisation. No significant differences between user preferences of 2D and 3D visualisation were found, but the results were influenced with the order of the maps in the stimuli. Because of that another experiment was designed. In this case sti...

Eye-tracking Study on Different Perception of 2D and 3D Terrain Visualisation

Conceptual modeling traditionally focuses on a high level of abstraction. Even if geographical aspects such as location is included in several enterprise modeling frameworks [26], it is not common to have geographical aspects included in conceptual models. Cartography is the science of visualizing geographical information in maps. Traditionally the field has not included conceptual relationships and the primary focus is on a fairly low abstraction level. Both cartography and conceptual modeling have developed guidelines for obtaining high quality visualizations. SEQUAL is a quality framework developed for understanding quality in conceptual models and modeling languages. In cartography such counterparts are not common to find. An attempt to adapt SEQUAL in the context of cartographic maps has been performed, named MAPQUAL. The paper presents MAPQUAL. Differences between quality of maps and quality of conceptual models are highlighted, pointing to guidelines for combined representations which are the current focus of our work. An example of such combined use is presented indicating the usefulness of a combined framework.

Integrated Quality of Models and Quality of Maps

Efforts within cartography on indoor maps have previously not received a lot of attention. Work that has been carried out on indoor maps often focus on map design very similar to an architectural style (Klippel et al. 2006, Ciavarella and Paterno 2004). In some cases the design has been of a more novel character where approaches with augmented and virtual realities have been carried out (Radoczky 2007, Muller et al. 2006). Common to these approaches is the depiction of one floor per map. As well, the primary user task is often solely personal navigation. In this article we present an innovative approach to indoor maps. The design is directly inspired by underground tube maps first developed by Harry Beck (Garland 1994) and today a common design for public transport maps. The main advantages of the map design are its simplicity and the possibility of including all floors in one map view. This allows the map user to easier comprehend the structure of the building without using several maps, as commonly needed with today’s indoor map designs. We present two different map styles each intended to satisfy different user groups and tasks depending on the user’s familiarity with the environment. In addition we motivate for new application areas suitable for indoor maps, especially large hospitals. We hypothesize that the design proposed in this article leans very well to displaying real-time dynamic geospatial information, such as patients, staff, equipment and room availability within hospitals. Due to the early phase of the work presented here we outline the needed further work and possibilities of technological platforms as well as evaluations necessary in order for the design to gain acceptance and success. 1. BACKGROUND In cartography much effort has been put into the study and analysis of the human perception of maps. This result in guidelines and different map styles which inherits different qualities suitable for different purposes, ranging from

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IndoorTubes A Novel Design for Indoor Maps

Evaluating the usability of cartographic animations with eye-movement analysis

Traditionally, research on cartography has primarily been focused on visualisation of outdoor environments. Recently, however, indoor cartography has increasingly attracted attention both from the academic world and from commercial enterprises. Indoor cartography calls for markedly different visualisation strategies. Frameworks for describing map communication and use exist for general maps. But so far, no such framework exists for indoor maps. This article presents and discusses several map types for indoor spaces found in the literature and commercial products. The different characteristics of each one are identified and described. On this basis, a framework for indoor maps is developed and presented. Arbitrary indoor maps can be described by their properties using the framework. This allows indoor maps to be compared and described using a common platform.

Developing a framework for describing and comparing indoor maps

Visualisation of spatio-temporal information has been a challenge for cartography for decades. The earliest approaches focused on static visualisations, several of them with great success (; ; ). With the digital age, dynamic and animated maps have become possible. Much work has gone in to the design and study of perception of both of these map types (; ; ; ) Several very effective animated maps have been developed and rigorously evaluated. Both static and animated visualisations have their distinct qualities. Static maps are able to provide the user with unlimited viewing time of the information, allowing the level of detail to be high. On the other hand, static maps do not have the intuitiveness of visualizing temporal information due to their inherent static nature. Animated maps are often more intuitive in their representation of temporal information. Displaying frames of information in rapid succession is perceived as more intuitive representation of the temporal information. However, the fac...

Alexander Salveson Nossum

Papers

Integrated Quality of Models and Quality of Maps

IndoorTubes A Novel Design for Indoor Maps

Evaluating the usability of cartographic animations with eye-movement analysis

Developing a framework for describing and comparing indoor maps

Semistatic Animation – Integrating Past, Present and Future in Map Animations