Introduction Part I. The Rise and Costs of Human Trafficking: 1. Why has human trafficking flourished? 2. The diverse consequences of human trafficking Part II. The Financial Side of Human Trafficking: 3. Human trafficking as transnational organized crime 4. The business of human trafficking Part III. Regional Perspectives: 5. Asian trafficking 6. Human trafficking in Eurasia and Eastern Europe 7. Trafficking in Europe 8. Trafficking in the United States 9. Human trafficking in Latin America and Africa Conclusion.

Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective

Human Trafficking: Regional Perspectives

During the last decade there has been a considerable increase in the number of studies about human trafficking. This review of research and data on trafficking shows that despite the growing literature on trafficking around the world, relatively few studies are based on extensive or empirical research, and information on the actual numbers of people trafficked remains very sketchy. The book, which includes 9 regional chapters, and 3 chapters dealing with methodological issues, suggests a number of ways in which to enhance research and data on human trafficking.

Data and research on human trafficking : a global survey

This study is an investigation of the literature relating to the trafficking of women and children into the United States for sexual exploitation. The intent is to discover the extent and complexity of the problem, the cost in both human and economic terms, and research directions toward the development of probable political, legal, economic, and social solutions. A subject rife with research possibilities and probable solutions, trafficking is poorly defined, differentially and intermittently quantified, and handicapped by obsolete legal codes and a sexist prostitution enforcement paradigm. Recommended are state statute creation, police training and paradigm change, and increased/broadened victims’ services.

http://soc212w.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Criminal-Justice-Review-2006-Schauer-146-69.pdf

Sex Trafficking Into The United States: A Literature Review:

The title of this paper -- a direct quote from an economically successful Turkish male prostitute user -- encapsulates attitudes underpinning the treatment of human beings as commodities. Yet at the same time we cannot “find anything we want” in the research on trafficking which continues to be deficient in a number of respects. This paper takes a critical look at the current state of research with respect to Europe; given that trafficking occurs into and out of Europe to other regions of the globe and that new concepts and theoretical perspectives transcend locality “Europe” has been interpreted broadly. It both stands alone and acts as a companion piece to Journeys of Jeopardy extending that overview not only in terms of recent publications and more complex frameworks but also through an attempt to move beyond the focus on trafficking for sexual exploitation to include that for domestic service and labour exploitation. The majority of published material still focuses on sexual exploitation and few investigations include more than one form. Emphasis here has also been placed on conceptual framings and frameworks that could enhance future work. (excerpt)

“You Can Find Anything You Want”: A Critical Reflection on Research on Trafficking in Persons within and into Europe

This article will define the concepts of smuggling and trafficking in human beings and discuss the difficulty in applying the definition. The magnitude and scope of the problem will be examined as well as its causes. Trafficking in human beings will be analysed as an illegal market, particularly with reference to its relationship with other illegal markets and the involvement of organised crime groups. The phenomenon will be discussed in more depth focusing on countries and regions where projects are currently being implemented under the auspices of the United Nations Global Programme against Trafficking in Human Beings. The discussion closes with an overview of situations which facilitate the practice, and current measures and recommendations to stem the tide of smuggling and trafficking.

Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: the phenomenon, the markets that drive it and the organisations that promote it *

Chapter 1: What is Human Trafficking? Chapter 2: Human Trafficking: How Serious is the Problem? Chapter 3: Contrasting Perspectives on Human Trafficking Chapter 4: Victims of Trafficking Chapter 5: The Traffickers: Their Methods of Operation and Organizational Structure Chapter 6: Regional Trafficking Patterns Chapter 7: Hidden Forms of Human Trafficking Chapter 8: New Opportunities for Trafficking Chapter 9: Ending Trafficking in Human Beings Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 List of Acronyms References

Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings

Questions addressed in this project included:What are the existing control mechanisms and how do they operate? What public bodies are responsible for the fight against Value Added Tax (VAT) fraud and what are their competencies? What are the possibilities to exchange information between member states on VAT irregularities and how are these put into action?What techniques of VAT fraud are being used? Which legitimate branches of industry are being affected by this fraud in the sense of a) damage inflicted and b) complicity of the 'legitimate' entrepreneurs? What are the structures of the organizations or networks and what are the profiles of the crime-entrepreneurs involved?
See Link to the Addendum at: More information.

https://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:341f6dfa-a06c-437b-abe9-8d8fbcdca095/ov-1996-04-full-text_tcm28-78066.pdf

Value-added tax fraud in the European Union

This article will define the concepts of smuggling and trafficking in human beings and discuss the difficulty of applying these definitions. The illegal markets that profit from the trafficking of persons will be discussed. The reader will be introduced to the United Nations Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings, and in particular, the pilot project carried out in the Philippines. The experiences of victims of trafficking obtained in the Philippines, Japan and Malaysia will be presented. The discussion closes with brief recommendations to protect and assist victims of exploitation.

Victimization of Trafficked Persons and Illegal Migrants

Migration, both legal and illegal, impacts upon every nation in the world. Forms of irregular migration include human smuggling and trafficking. As serious as this world-wide problem has become - experts in government agencies and international NGOs estimate the number of women and children trafficked internationally at between 700,000 and 4 million annually (U.S. Department of State, 2002) — many countries lack trafficking legislation. In other countries where legislation exists, it is only the act of forced prostitution or sexual exploitation which constitutes trafficking offences, disregarding acts of forced labour or slavery-like practices. Government officials in a position to assist victims reject the idea of their victimisation and often view trafficked persons as illegal migrants, subjecting them to arrest and deportation.

Alexis A. Aronowitz

Papers

Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: the phenomenon, the markets that drive it and the organisations that promote it *

Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings

Value-added tax fraud in the European Union

Victimization of Trafficked Persons and Illegal Migrants

Trafficking in Human Beings: An International Perspective