dann zu seinem Gegenstand, der Selbstorganisation in der evolutorischen Ökonomik, zu gelangen (S. 256 ff.). Er vermutet, dass schon Adam Smith den Grundgedanken des Paradigmas „unsichtbaren Hand“ vorweggenommen habe (ebenda). Etwas verwirrend dürfte die Unterscheidung des Autors zwischen Mikround Makroebene sein (S. 257), wenn der Leser an die herkömmlichen Kategorien denkt. Gemeint sind vom Autor die einzelwirtschaftliche und die Ebene des Marktprozesses. Damit dürften die ungeplanten Ergebnisse auf der Marktprozessebene und die nicht intendierten Handlungsfolgen (wiederum bezogen auf die Marktebene) verständlicher werden. Später (S. 254) weist der Autor auf einen bedeutenden Unterschied zwischen der physikalischen und ökonomischen Selbstorganisation hin. Im ersten Fall sind die Systemelemente passiv, währen sie im zweiten Fall initiativ und mit Erwartungen sowie Absichten ausgestattet sind. Die beiden Fälle beschreiben das, was Hayek mit der Unterscheidung von geplanter und ungeplanter oder spontaner Ordnung meint. Für ihn dürfte die ungeplante Ordnung ein Phänomen der Selbstorganisation sein, während die geplante Ordnung ein Produkt der Fremdorganisation wäre. Abschließend kommt der Autor zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Übertragung des betrachteten Paradigmas auf die evolutorische Ökonomik sowohl nach Anwendungsbereich als auch nach Erkenntnisgewinn bescheiden bleibt (S. 260). Das dürfte, gemessen an der ebenfalls der klassischen Physik (Mechanik) entlehnten Neoklassik bescheiden sein. Es kann jedoch auch als Aufforderung angesehen werden, weiterzusuchen, ohne die zentralen Phänomene der Neuerung und Entwicklung aus dem Auge zu verlieren.

Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History

The broader economic consequences of transport infrastructure investments

https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/6615.pdf

Effect of transportation infrastructure on economic growth in India: The VECM approach

How mobility habits influenced the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Italian case study.

Introduction 1. The Emergence of an Instrumental Conception of Law 2. The Transformation in the Conception of Property 3. Subsidization of Economic Growth through the Legal System 4. Competition and Economic Development 5. The Relation between the Bar and Commercial Interests 6. The Triumph of Contract The Equitable Conception of Contract in the Eighteenth Century The Rise of a Market Economy and the Development of the Will Theory of Contract Custom and Contract Tort and Contract 7. The Development of Commercial Law The Rise of Negotiability The Law of Insurance: The Development of Actuarial Conceptions of Risk Usury Swift v. Tyson: The Rise of a General Commercial Law 8. The Rise of Legal Formalism Notes Index

/pdf/the-transformation-of-american-law-1780-1860-1xi61hl2on.pdf

The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860

http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/39411/1/559451.pdf

Infrastructure investment and Spanish economic growth, 1850–1935

This article analyzes the effects of parliamentary representation on road infrastructure expenditure during the Spanish Restoration. Using a panel data set of Spanish provinces in 1880–1914, we find that the allocation of administrative resources among provinces depended both on the delegation characteristics (such as the share of MPs with party leadership positions, and their degree of electoral independence), and the regime's global search for stability. These results point to the importance of electoral dynamics within semi-democratic political systems, and offer an example of the influence of government tactics on infrastructure allocation.

/pdf/pork-barrel-politics-in-semi-democracies-the-spanish-20wl5x8d4l.pdf

Pork-Barrel Politics in Semi-Democracies: The Spanish “Parliamentary Roads,” 1880–1914

This article reassesses the economic impact of Spanish railroads in 1850–1913, which has usually been considered to be substantially higher than in the most developed countries on the basis of the social saving methodology. The application of growth accounting techniques shows, by contrast, that the direct contribution of railroads to economic growth was lower in Spain than in the United Kingdom, mainly due to the low importance that railroad transport had within Spanish GDP before 1913.

/pdf/railroad-impact-in-backward-economies-spain-1850-1913-13azooiycp.pdf

Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850–1913

Built mostly to support the early mining industry, the Cape Colony’s railways reduced the cost of transport to the interior and increased labor productivity in the Colony from 1859 to 1905 by, we calculate, 30 percent. Little of the gains went to the state-owned company: the Cape parliament seems always to have seen the railways as a means to development. But the politically overrepresented western parts of the Colony gained much more than underrepresented areas like Basutoland or the Transkei. While boosting the economy, the railways also had distributional effects, with consequences for racial segregation in twentieth-century South Africa.

/pdf/for-the-public-benefit-railways-in-the-british-cape-colony-5b65p65i9t.pdf

“For the public benefit”? Railways in the British Cape Colony

Railways were one of the main engines of the Latin American trade boom before 1914. Railway construction often required financial support from local governments, which depended on their fiscal capacity. But since the main government revenues were trade-related, this generated a two-way feedback between government revenues and railways with a potential for multiple equilibria. The empirical tests in this paper support the hypothesis of a positive two-way relationship. The main implication of our analysis is that the build-up of state capacity was a necessary condition for railway expansion and, given the importance of the export sector in these economies, for economic growth and divergence in the region.

/pdf/big-push-or-big-grab-railways-government-activism-and-export-27vpig5kes.pdf

Alfonso Herranz-Loncán

Papers

Infrastructure investment and Spanish economic growth, 1850–1935

Pork-Barrel Politics in Semi-Democracies: The Spanish “Parliamentary Roads,” 1880–1914

Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850–1913

“For the public benefit”? Railways in the British Cape Colony

Big Push or Big Grab? Railways, Government Activism, and Export Growth in Latin America, 1865–1913