Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Stress and Strain: Important Relationships Chapter 3. The Behavior of Bodies Under Stress Chapter 4. Principles and Analytical Methods Chapter 5. Numerical Methods Chapter 6. Experimental Methods Chapter 7. Tension, Compression, Shear, and Combined Stress Chapter 8. Beams Flexure of Straight Bars Chapter 9. Curved Beams Chapter 10. Torsion Chapter 11. Flat Plates Chapter 12. Columns and Other Compression Members Chapter 13. Shells of Revolution Pressure Vessels Pipes Chapter 14. Bodies under Direct Bearing and Shear Stress Chapter 15. Elastic Stability Chapter 16. Dynamic and Temperature Stresses Chapter 17. Stress Concentration Chapter 18. Fatigue and Fracture Chapter 19. Stresses in Fasteners and Joints Chapter 20. Composite Materials Chapter 21. Solid Biomechanics Appendix A. Properties of a Plane Area Appendix B. Mathematical Formulas and Matrices Appendix C. Glossary Index

Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain

Digital simulation of random processes and its applications

The stochastic finite-element method

Experiences from past strong earthquakes, such as the 1968 Miyakiken-Oki earthquake in Japan and the 1971 San Fernando earthquake in California, have shown the vulnerability of reinforced concrete buildings to strong ground shakings. For economic reasons, however, some level of damage should be expected and permitted in the aseismic design of structures, particularly of low-rise buildings. In spite of this recognition, the potential seismic damage of structures and the associated aseismic provisions are based largely on qualitative engineering judgment. In order to assess the seismic safety of reinforced concrete buildings, the quantitative analysis of structural damage under random earthquake excitations needs to be improved.

Seismic Damage Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Monte Carlo solution of structural dynamics

Principal probability concepts are presented and developed for the proper modeling and analysis of uncertainty, and for evaluating the associated effects on safety and design. Under conditions of uncertainty, safety and serviceability of structures can be assured only in terms of the probability of survival (or conversely of failure); accordingly, the level of safety is expressed explicitly as a function of the degree of uncertainty. The assumptions necessary to implement probability concepts in the development of practical design criteria and code provisions are explained and delineated. Uncertainty (including uncertainty associated with errors in estimation and imperfection in mathematical models) is expressed in terms of the coefficient of variation; in this term, its effect on safety and design can be assessed systematically and logically through first-order statistical analysis. Specific proposals for evaluating safety level and for developing safety and load factors for design are developed.

Reliability bases of structural safety and design

Eight strong-motion accelerograms recorded on firm ground and at moderate epicentral distances are studied for the purpose of developing a reasonable stochastic representation of the time history of ground accelerations during strong earthquakes. The results indicate that over durations which are of interest in structural response calculations, nonstationary random processes are needed for the description of the records. A nonstationary Gaussian filtered shot-noise process is examined for this purpose. The member functions of the mathematical model and their associated linear response spectra are compared with the corresponding information obtained from the recorded accelerograms. On this basis, a nonstationary Gaussian filtered shot-noise process with a second-order filter is proposed for stochastic simulation of strong-motion earthquakes.

Nonstationary Stochastic Models of Earthquake Motions

A practical probabilistic technique is presented for evaluating the distribution of project completion time. Upper and lower bounds on the completion-time probability are established and form the basis for the probabilistic network evaluation technique (PNET) algorithm. The mean durations and the correlations among the network paths are the main parameters used to generate a set of representative paths from which the probability distribution of completion time is evaluated. This technique overcomes the shortcomings implicit in PERT, although its application is almost as simple as the traditional PERT method. Several construction projects are presented as examples to illustrate the algorithm. The results obtained by PNET are shown to be in very good agreement with simulation runs, thus verifying its validity; computation times, however, are several order-of-magnitude less than those required by simulation.

Analysis of activity networks under uncertainty.

Existing probability bases of reliability analysis and reliability based design are summarized The importance of risk and uncertainty considerations in structural evaluation and design are emphasized, and practical methods for risk assessment in terms of failure probability and for development of reliability-based design criteria are described and developed Advocates the systematic analysis of uncertainty through first-order statistical analysis, and the explicit use of failure (or survival) probability as measure of risk and safety, to fully realize the potentials of probability theory in structural evaluation and design

Structural Risk Analysis and Reliability-Based Design

The safety and reliability of structures and structural systems are examined within the context of several physically plausible assumptions. Some fundamental results are derived to clarify the consequences of various assumptions pertaining to a system and its components on the reliability of a structure. Among these results are: (1) The risk function of a structure is shown to be a monotonically decreasing function of the number of loads sustained; thus, assuming a constant risk equal to the probability of failure to the first load leads to a safe estimate of the true reliability; (2) recognizing that the member forces in a structural system are always perfectly correlated, the reliability of a structural system is bounded above by the reliability computed on the assumption of perfectly correlated member strengths, and bounded below by the reliability computed on the assumption of statistically independent member strengths; and (3) the reliability computed on the usual assumption that the failure of members are statistically independent events invariably leads to an extremely conservative estimate of the true system reliability. As far as the survival of the original system is concerned, the treatment of statically indeterminate systems is the same as that of determinate systems.

Alfredo H.-S. Ang

Papers

Reliability bases of structural safety and design

Nonstationary Stochastic Models of Earthquake Motions

Analysis of activity networks under uncertainty.

Structural Risk Analysis and Reliability-Based Design

Reliability of Structures and Structural Systems