Showing papers by "Ali Israr published in 2023"
TL;DR: In this article , a centralized renewable energy micro-generation approach is adopted to power the high density of SCBSs installed at a dispersed geographical location, which can achieve a significant amount of energy-saving depending upon the renewable energy availability and MBS traffic offloading with ASM policies.
Abstract: The energy consumption of mobile network infrastructures has been witnessed to rise significantly in recent years due to the massive growth of mobile traffic triggered by the increasing adoption of 5G networks and massive applications of the internet of things (IoT). The increase in network traffic not only demands network densification but also increases the operational expenditure (OPEX) of the mobile network operators as well as the environmental and sustainability concerns. To address such a challenge, green energy technology has received increasing attention. However, keeping the density of small cell base stations (SCBSs) and matching the dynamics of available energy variations to the user service request arrivals are non-trivial that need further investigation. This paper proposes to utilize the microgeneration of renewable energy (RE) infrastructure with traffic-aware load offloading integrated with advanced sleep mode (ASM) operation. The centralized renewable energy microgeneration approach is adopted to power the high density of SCBSs installed at a dispersed geographical location. The stochastic modeling-based traffic offloading can offload the macro base station (MBS) users to SCBSs depending on the traffic intensity. The advanced sleep mode stochastic model is presented to gradually manage the underutilized SCBSs into sleep modes based on the traffic load. The proposed scheme is developed to reduce the on-grid energy consumption whilst meeting the quality of service (QoS) requirement in terms of blocking probability and reactivation delay. The numerical results demonstrated that the proposed solution can achieve a significant amount of energy-saving depending upon the renewable energy availability and MBS traffic offloading with ASMs policies.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors exploit the cost-effective and low-carbon energy provision solution for individual small-cell mobile networks and presents two different potential frameworks, i.e., centralized and distributed energy provision, respectively.
Abstract: A massive number of small cell base stations are expected to be deployed in the 5G and beyond 5G mobile communication networks due to the exponential increase in mobile traffic. This will directly lead to not only a significant increase in energy consumption but also the overall operational cost and carbon footprint. An energy provision based on renewable energy generation to power these small cell base stations is considered a sustainable and promising solution to address this challenge. This paper exploits the cost-effective and low-carbon energy provision solution for individual small-cell mobile networks and presents two different potential frameworks, i.e. centralized and distributed energy provision, respectively. The former supplies nearby small cell base stations through a centralized renewable energy source with energy storage facilities. For the latter, small cell base stations can be supplied by utilizing local renewable energy and storage facilities. These two frameworks are assessed and compared in terms of renewable energy utilization and carbon emission reduction in the presence of time-varying traffic loads, small cell locations and renewable energy availabilities. In addition, we devise energy management for these configurations by incorporating a resource-on-demand strategy in the proposed framework. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed centralized renewable energy generation strategy for nearby small cells maximizes the cost and energy efficiencies of the network.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors assessed the viability of haptic animations as affect-embedded tactile messages, highlighting findings which demonstrate how crucial relationship and shared history is in influencing these expressions in design and interpretation.
Abstract: Touch is valued for supporting emotional bonds. How can people access its warmth and nuance remotely, when tech-mediated proxies are so different from direct touch? We assessed the viability of haptic animations as affect-embedded tactile messages, highlighting findings which demonstrate how crucial relationship and shared history is in influencing these expressions in design and interpretation. To investigate haptic messaging, we first identified a set of 10 common emotion-imbued scenarios by surveying 201 people in distance relationships. Then, using a novel prototype of a wearable spatial vibrotactile display, 10 intimate dyads designed 167 haptic encodings matching the provided scenarios plus 17 user-defined “wildcards”. A week later, 21 individuals interpreted sentiment from encodings designed by themselves, a partner or a stranger. We examined design strategies, engagement, and compared human versus machine interpretation accuracy. A striking finding was participants’ facile use of shared context when it was available, building on ”inside stories” to communicate subtle meanings with high effectiveness despite the unfamiliar medium, and doing so with evident fun. We analyze recognition accuracy and share insights on what it might take to make interpersonal haptic messaging work.