Aims: Lifestyle has long sociological and psychological roots. The purpose of this study was the meta-analysis of variables associated with lifestyle in Iran. Information & Methods: In this meta-analysis, the internal and external databases were undertaken to find and collect all research reports in the subject area. 14 studies from 2006 to 2013 across Iran that included 4652 subjects were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient size method for the model of fixed effects. All statistical operations were performed using the second edition of the comprehensive meta-analysis software. Findings: The mean of the total effect of the studied studies for the fixed effects model was 0.385 and for the random effects was 0.336 (p<0.001). The effect size of all studied studies was significant at levels ranging from 0.95 to 0.99. Conclusion: The lifestyle has correlation with psychological disorders, health beliefs, marital satisfaction, happiness in life satisfaction, paternal satisfaction, body image, tendency to use industrial drugs, women's employment, associated factors, demographic factors, youth tolerance, quality of life associated with health and consumption Media.

The Meta-Analysis of Lifestyle with its Related Variables

The effectiveness of encouragement training on promotion of general self-efficacy and resiliency of female-headed households

Globalization, independent identity and urban women lifestyle: a comparison of women in shiraz and estahban, fars

This study aimed to investigate the relation between body management and body satisfaction, diversityism, modernity, attention-drawing and distinction-seeking and sought to identify the predictability degree of these variables through quantitative and survey methods as well as questionnaire tool. Their effects on body management are considerable since they play an important role in society and in family. Original Article 62 Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention Vol. 8 No. 4 2017 A new attention to the body and recirculation of its issues in sociological texts in two recent decades have revived debates over subject matters such as identity; social movements; consumer culture; lifestyle; ethics, to the extent one can apply the metaphor of “social body” (21) or “body age” (8) in line with metaphors like return to culture or return to language in this regard (pointing to prevalence of postmodern or post-structural thoughts and theories). Several processes are about youth in regard to importance and promoted status of body and body culture, both on structural and ethical levels, such as: growth in health technology; sports and nourishment; fashion and cosmetic industries; ever-increasing interests in juvenility; priority of consumption; individualism; attention to differences in lifestyle; mass media and mass culture ‘with special emphasis on fresh and attractive body’; popular culture. With modernity, globalization, and development of technologies relevant to body, body management has become more significant than the past (5). In fact, consumer-oriented identity and body-oriented consumption in this new and globalized society have made body managements such as makeup, diet, cosmetic surgery, etc. dominant practices and behaviors among women (16; 4). Body and its management are cultural issues connected to social values and norms, in a way members modify their behavior with the changes in cultural elements and components. Self-presentation and self-ornamentation are important issues for women. Women are psychologically heterosexual The tendency of young girls to control their weight, to be in shape; to consume cosmetics increases day-to-day. Theoretical framework of research was a compilation of theories of Sociology and Psychology. The statistical population consisted of female students of Payame Noor University of Abade in the academic year 2014-2015. In this study, 150 questionnaires were distributed among the students and 130 samples were selected, which were thirty times more than the main variables of the study. Pearson Correlation was used for data analysis and stepwise multiple regression was used to predict. Previous studies were reviewed for determining different dimensions of body management, which finally were summarized in characteristics: personal and health care (alpha= 0.81); interest in fitness (alpha= 0.70); weight control (alpha= 0.80). Totally, body management was assessed by 36 items in which Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.79. The results showed that diversityism (t=4.182), distinction-seeking (t=3.866) and modernity (t=3.879) were related to body management directly and positively and were not related to body satisfaction and attention-drawing. Finlay Stepwise regression results showed that there was Correlation between diversityism and body management in female students. At this stage, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.120 and in the second stage, with the introduction of modernity, the coefficient of determination (R2) was equal to 0.164, which explained about 17% of body management changes. Despite the primary assumption, body satisfaction and drawing attention were not in significant relationship with body management. 63 Original Articles Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention Vol. 8 No. 4 2017 so that they are inclined into self-ornamentation more than men (18). The need for self-presentation in human being causes tendencies to different kinds of ornamentation and for fashion and making distinctions as well. In classifying needs, Alexander Mary concerns with ‘self-presentation’ as a need and defines it: “the need for self-presentation is to draw attention, to influence, to attract, to arouse curiosity, to entertain” (3). The study entitled “Does It Make Me More Beautiful? A Discussion over Cosmetic Surgery” by Zare et al. (2014), indicated that positive attitude toward cosmetic surgery confirms human agency for self-control and independence. Nonetheless, ever-increasing tendency of men for cosmetic surgery in Iran approves the fact that lack of confidence in transsexual and patriarchal system has found its new men victims to whom new standards of beauty have imposed. In addition, imitating cultural standards of beauty is inevitable since individuals who do not follow may be abandoned from communities (22). Siti Zulaikha et al. (2015), in their study entitled “Dangerous Raw Material in Cosmetics, Personal Care, and Safety” concluded that with global increases in demands for cosmetics among adolescences and adults, the awareness and responsiveness for their safety have increased as well. They aimed to show hygienic and harmless materials can be used in cosmetics or other personal care productions. Cosmetics are composed of preservatives, perfumes, and heavy metal impurities. Their study in fact suggested people should be more informed about materials used in cosmetics and their side effects (20). Khosheghbal et al. (2015), in their paper “Analyzing Relationship between Perfectionism and Body Image Dissatisfaction among Demanders of Cosmetic Surgery, The Role of Primary Incompatible Scheme” concluded that there is a significant relationship between demands for nose cosmetic surgery with body image dissatisfaction, perfectionism, and primary incompatible schemas (14). The results of the study “Body Management and Social Acceptance (Case Study: Students of Islamic Azad and Payame Noor University of Zanjan, Iran)” by Shekarbeigi and Amiri specified the mean of body management for female students is 83.46 and it is 72.66 for male students, that confirm female students manage their body more than male students. Totally, 89.7 percent of variance or spread of body management variable were determined through independent variables (19). The results of the study “Lifestyle and Body Management” by Khajeh Noori, et al. (2011), indicated that modern lifestyles influenced by sport, music, leisure, new participations, religious, traditional music all together define 45 percent of women’s body management and 30.3 percent of their shape change management (13). Having considered body management as an element in lifestyle, Karami Qehi and Zadsar, (2013), in their study “Assessing the Relationship between Religiosity and Lifestyle (Case Study: 20 years-old or older females living in Tehran) concluded that there is high Correlation between religiosity and lifestyle and there is also a weak relationship between age and religiosity (11). Ghaderzadeh, et al. (2012), in their study “Tattoo and Reflexive Individual Construction” considered tattoo as body management and design that has obtained social and signifying function through which individuals express their individual, mental, and sexual identity (7). Results of the study by Heidarkhani et al. (2013), in The Relationship between Elements of Cultural Capital and Body Management in Women indicated that cultural capital (behaviors and appearances, objectified, and internal knowledge), economic and marital status have a positive and direct relationship with body management in women (9). The findings of the 64 Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention Vol. 8 No. 4 2017 study Similar Members in Similar worlds: Analyzing the Effect of Globalization in Body Management by Fathi and Rashtiani, (2013), designated a direct and significant relationship between globalized media and communicative technologies through implication of sender’s culture (acculturation of addressee); spread of consumer culture; variety and renovation; globalized western popular culture; spread of individualism and self-education; education from and to others; and mutual feedbacks have a direct and significant relationship with body management, but there is not any relationship between body management and theorizing (6). The findings of the study Analyzing Effective Social Factors on Women’s Tendency toward Body Management in Recent Three Decades by Mirzai et al. (2013), indicated that there is a significant relationship between marital status; job and occupation; media; spiritual growth and self-actualization; eating habits; responsibility for healthiness; intersubjective relationships; fashion; management of stress; sports and exercises with tendency to be in shape; but a significant relationship was not observed between age; education; socio-economic status with the tendency to be in shape (17). The findings of by Khajeh Norri and Parnian, (2014), indicated that variables of rethinking, modern lifestyle new technologies in the domains of communication and information; sociable lifestyle; awareness of globalization; sexuality have positive and significant relationship with body management (12). New technologies in the domains of communication and information; modern lifestyle; sociable lifestyle; and rethinking totally defined 52.2% of the changes in body management. Adibi Sedeh and Jalali Akordi, (2015), in their study Body Management and National Identity in Youth (Case Study: The Young in Sari) concluded that there is a negative and inverse relationship between body management and national identity in youth. The results of regression analysis indicated that independent variables totally define 23.4% of changes in national identity (1). Hypothetical Framework of the Study A synthesis of psychological and sociological theories are considered for the hypothetical frame-work of the present s

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Predicts the Factors Influencing on Behavior of Body Management in Female Students (Original Research)

Context Workplace violence (WPV) is a major area of concern in nursing. This study by Cakal and colleagues focuses on nurses and the impact of WPV on turnover intentions during times of high duress. The authors further delineate the types of WPV as internal, exerted by colleagues in the workplace, and external, exerted by patients and/or patients’ companions. Another important consideration is that current research suggests external WPV is experienced as mostly physical, while internal WPV is mostly psychological.

Workplace violence influences nurses’ turnover intentions, but only when organisational support and perceived invulnerability are considered

In the traditional/religious context of the Iranian society, dream plays a very important role. To understand its role, the purpose of this study was to discover the role of dreams in the lives of the bereaved and to reconstruct semantics. In this study, the qualitative approach and grounded theory have been considered. In this regard, the bereaved, whom their loved ones were passed away at least 4 months and at last 4 years, were studied by deep interviewing until data saturation occurs. Therefore, the findings of this study revealed the dualism of dream/awakening in the bereaved, which ultimately results in the deconstruction of the bereaved due to the spiritual interaction of the bereaved and the deceased.

Deconstruction of Life in the Dualism of Dream/Awakening in Bereaved Women.

Aims and objectives To investigate whether internal and external violence are associated with turnover intentions among nurses during demanding periods of work. Background Workplace violence can negatively impact upon mental and physical health and turnover intentions. Research focusing on how dimensions of workplace violence, internal versus external, influence turnover intentions and the factors that mitigate these effect is lacking. Methods An online cross-sectional survey of multi-item measures was used to collect data from 462 Iranian nurses. We employed path modelling and analysed the data using SPSS and PROCESS macro. A STROBE checklist was used to report findings. Results Both dimensions, internal and external, of violence were positively associated with turnover intentions. Moreover, perceived invulnerability and organisational support moderates this association. When individuals perceived invulnerability and perceived organisational support are high, internal violence is no longer indirectly related to turnover intentions via job satisfaction. In a similar vein, when perceived invulnerability and perceived organisational support are low, external violence is not related to intentions to quit. When perceived invulnerability and perceived organisational support are high, however, external violence is indirectly and negatively related to intentions to quit. Conclusions Nurses who regard themselves as invulnerable might be motivated to quit when they experience workplace violence. However, they are motivated to stay on the job when they both perceive themselves as invulnerable and the organisation as supporting. Relevance to clinical practice Organisations should reconsider their policies and approach towards workplace violence especially during periods of intensive work.

Workplace violence and turnover intentions among nurses: The moderating roles of invulnerability and organisational Support - A cross-sectional study.

Lifestyle and body management

Study of the relationship between modern communication technologies and gender identity of high school students of shiraz

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Ali Ruhani

Papers

Deconstruction of Life in the Dualism of Dream/Awakening in Bereaved Women.

Workplace violence and turnover intentions among nurses: The moderating roles of invulnerability and organisational Support - A cross-sectional study.

Lifestyle and body management

Study of the relationship between modern communication technologies and gender identity of high school students of shiraz

Inability to Give Birth or Giving Birth to Inability: A Qualitative Research about Psychological Consequences of infertility