There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

http://www.brasnutri.org.br/arquivos/estudos_tecnicos/Bioactive_peptides_Production_and_functionality.pdf

Bioactive peptides: Production and functionality

Simulated gastro-intestinal digestion is widely employed in many fields of food and nutritional sciences, as conducting human trials are often costly, resource intensive, and ethically disputable. As a consequence, in vitro alternatives that determine endpoints such as the bioaccessibility of nutrients and non-nutrients or the digestibility of macronutrients (e.g. lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) are used for screening and building new hypotheses. Various digestion models have been proposed, often impeding the possibility to compare results across research teams. For example, a large variety of enzymes from different sources such as of porcine, rabbit or human origin have been used, differing in their activity and characterization. Differences in pH, mineral type, ionic strength and digestion time, which alter enzyme activity and other phenomena, may also considerably alter results. Other parameters such as the presence of phospholipids, individual enzymes such as gastric lipase and digestive emulsifiers vs. their mixtures (e.g. pancreatin and bile salts), and the ratio of food bolus to digestive fluids, have also been discussed at length. In the present consensus paper, within the COST Infogest network, we propose a general standardised and practical static digestion method based on physiologically relevant conditions that can be applied for various endpoints, which may be amended to accommodate further specific requirements. A frameset of parameters including the oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion are outlined and their relevance discussed in relation to available in vivo data and enzymes. This consensus paper will give a detailed protocol and a line-by-line, guidance, recommendations and justifications but also limitation of the proposed model. This harmonised static, in vitro digestion method for food should aid the production of more comparable data in the future.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01209876/document

A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food – an international consensus

Milk-derived bioactive peptides: From science to applications

Bioactive peptides: A review

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory and antioxidative properties of milk protein-derived dipeptides and hydrolysates

The scientific evidence for the role of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides in humans: a review

Milk proteins and milk protein-derived peptides have been widely studied for their health enhancing properties. This chapter presents the updated scientific knowledge on the bioactive properties of milk protein-derived peptides. The different bioactive properties which have been attributed to milk protein-derived peptides are discussed. These include mineral binding, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, satiating, opioid, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant activities. The structure-function relationship is presented for the aforementioned bioactive properties based on current scientific knowledge. For each bioactive property, the data obtained in vitro is discussed, followed by an analysis of the information obtained from animal and human intervention studies. To date, most studies have been conducted in vitro. However, an increasing number of in vivo studies testing the efficacy of milk protein-derived peptides are being conducted. In certain instances, the in vivo studies have confirmed the bioactivity of specific milk protein-derived peptides or milk protein hydrolysates. However, conflicting data still exist in the scientific literature, which demonstrates that the bioactive properties observed in vitro do not always translate in vivo. Detailed knowledge of the peptide sequences responsible for the bioactive properties, together with a better understanding of the bioavailability and stability of these peptides in vivo may help to enhance the development of milk protein hydrolysates with health promoting capabilities in humans. Ultimately, this may lead to the approval of health claims by the relevant regulatory agencies.

Milk Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides

An in silico model to predict the potential of dietary proteins as sources of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing and it is estimated that by 2030 approximately 366 million people will be diagnosed with this condition. The use of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors is an emerging strategy for the treatment of T2DM. DPP-IV is a ubiquitous aminodipeptidase that cleaves incretins such as glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), resulting in a loss in their insulinotropic activity. Synthetic DPP-IV drug inhibitors are being used to increase the half-life of the active GLP-1 and GIP. Dietary intervention is accepted as a key component in the prevention and management of T2DM. Therefore, identification of natural food protein-derived DPP-IV inhibitors is desirable. Peptides with DPP-IV inhibitory activity have been identified in a variety of food proteins. This review aims to provide an overview of food protein hydrolysates as a source of the DPP-IV inhibitory peptides with particular focus on milk proteins. In addition, the proposed modes of inhibition and structure-activity relationship of peptide inhibitors are discussed. Milk proteins and associated peptides also display insulinotropic activity and help regulate blood glucose in healthy and diabetic subjects. Therefore, milk protein derived peptide inhibitors may be a unique multifunctional peptide approach for the management of T2DM.

/pdf/food-protein-hydrolysates-as-a-source-of-dipeptidyl-28troklwu8.pdf

Alice B. Nongonierma

Papers

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory and antioxidative properties of milk protein-derived dipeptides and hydrolysates

The scientific evidence for the role of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides in humans: a review

Milk Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides

An in silico model to predict the potential of dietary proteins as sources of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides

Food protein hydrolysates as a source of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides for the management of type 2 diabetes