Energy efficiency has become a primary issue in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The sensor networks are powered by battery and thus they turn out to be dead after a particular interval. Hence, enhancing the data dissipation in energy efficient manner remains to be more challenging for increasing the life span of sensor devices. It has been already proved that the clustering method could improve or enhance the life span of WSNs. In the clustering model, the selection of cluster head (CH) in each cluster regards as the capable method for energy efficient routing, which minimizes the transmission delay in WSN. However, the main problem dealt with the selection of optimal CH that makes the network service prompt. Till now, more research works have been processing on solving this issue by considering different constraints. Under this scenario, this paper attempts to develop a new clustering model with optimal cluster head selection by considering four major criteria like energy, delay, distance, and security. Further, for selecting the optimal CHs, this paper proposes a new hybrid algorithm that hybridizes the concept of dragon fly and firefly algorithm algorithms, termed fire fly replaced position update in dragonfly. Finally, the performance of the proposed work is carried out by comparing with other conventional models in terms of number of alive nodes, network energy, delay and risk probability.

Energy efficient protocol in wireless sensor network: optimized cluster head selection model

Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the most significant and the challenging issue for the researchers in terms of enhancing its performance in terms of network lifetime, energy efficiency, scalability, connectivity, throughput, etc. They have the incredible capability to interact and gather data from any physical environment with help of routing protocols. Many routing protocols based solutions have been proposed in the recent years for accomplishing the preferred level of performance in WSNs for these issues. The hierarchical heterogeneous cluster based energy efficient routing protocols are more efficient as compared to flat and location based routing protocols due to the presence of nodes heterogeneity in terms of energy level of sensor nodes which enhances the lifetime of the network. The most recent trend that extensively enhances the functionality and the performance of WSNs is the use of mobile sensor nodes. In this paper, the authors proposed a novel concept regarding mobile sensor nodes is proposed called Mobile Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop (MEACBM) routing protocol for hierarchical heterogeneous WSNs which selects CHs on the basis of newly proposed probability equation which selects only that sensor node as Cluster Head (CH) which has the highest energy among other sensor nodes by introducing a new term S(i).E in the equation. It considers hierarchical heterogeneous clustering considering three levels of sensor nodes; multi-hoping for inter-cluster communication and connectivity of sensor nodes within the whole network area. In MEACBM, after the deployment of sensor nodes and formation of clusters, the whole network area is divided into sectors and inside each sector a mobile sensor node is placed which act as Mobile Data Collector (MDC) for collecting data from CHs. This technique helps in significantly reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes for transferring information to the Base Station (BS). Simulation performance based results indicates the effectiveness of MEACBM routing protocols by comparing it with other contemporary cluster based routing protocols in terms of network lifetime, stability, throughput, number of CHs and number of dead nodes.

Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop Energy Efficient Routing Protocol using Multiple Mobile Nodes (MEACBM) in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises of huge amount of sensing nodes being used for collecting the data in different situations. WSN finds applications mostly to gather information from remote places such as in environment monitoring, military, in transportation security and so on. The main problem in WSN is the availability of limited energy resources. For enhancing energy efficiency with the lifespan of sensor nodes, in this research, an energy effective routing protocol, low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) along with optimization algorithm genetic algorithm (GA) has been presented. LEACH is a hierarchical protocol which converts the sensor nodes into cluster heads (CH), and CH gathers and compress the data and send it to the target node. Genetic algorithm helps to find the optimal route by using its fitness function. After simulating the code in MATLAB, the energy consumption rate up to 17.39% has been reduced when GA is used. At last, comparison between proposed work and existing work is performed to determine the efficiency of the proposed work.

Genetic algorithm based optimized leach protocol for energy efficient wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have grown considerably in recent years and have a significant potential in different applications including health, environment, and military. Despite their powerful capabilities, the successful development of WSN is still a challenging task. In current real-world WSN deployments, several programming approaches have been proposed, which focus on low-level system issues. In order to simplify the design of the WSN and abstract from technical low-level details, high-level approaches have been recognized and several solutions have been proposed. In particular, the model-driven engineering (MDE) approach is becoming a promising solution. In this paper, we present a survey of existing programming methodologies and model-based approaches for the development of sensor networks. We recall and classify existing related WSN development approaches. The main objective of our research is to investigate the feasibility and the application of high-level-based approaches to ease WSN design. We concentrate on a set of criteria to highlight the shortcomings of the relevant approaches. Finally, we present our future directions to cope with the limits of existing solutions.

/pdf/wireless-sensor-network-design-methodologies-a-survey-52k5l36hdb.pdf

Wireless Sensor Network Design Methodologies: A Survey

Complexity of current computer networks, including e.g., local networks, large structured networks, wireless sensor networks, datacenter backbones, requires a thorough study to perform analysis and support design. Simulation is a tool of paramount importance to encompass all the different aspects that contribute to design quality and network performance (including as well energy issues, security management overheads, dependability), due to the fact that such complexity produces several interactions at all network layers that is not easily modellable with analytic approaches. In this systematic literature review we aim to analyze, basing our investigation on available literature, the adoption of a popular network simulator, namely ns-3, and its use in the scientific community. More in detail, we are interested in understanding what are the impacted application domains in which authors prefer ns-3 to other similar tools and how extensible it is in practice according to the experience of authors. The results of our analysis, which has been conducted by especially focusing on 128 papers published between 2009 to 2019, reveals that 10% of the evaluated papers were discarded because they represented informal literature; most of the studies presented comparisons among different network simulators, beyond ns-3 and conceptual studies related to performance assessment and validation and routing protocols. Only about 30% of considered studies present extensions of ns-3 in terms of new modules and only about 10% present effective case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of employing network simulator in real application, except conceptual and modeling studies.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/2/272/pdf

Computer Network Simulation with ns-3: A Systematic Literature Review

The Network simulator helps the developer to create and simulate new models on an arbitrary network by specifying both the behavior of the network nodes and the communication channels. It provides a virtual environment for an assortment of desirable features such as modeling a network based on a specific criteria and analyzing its performance under different scenarios. This saves cost and time required for testing the functionality and the execution of network. This paper has surveyed various Wireless Network Simulators and compared them.

https://beei.org/index.php/EEI/article/viewFile/568/893

A Survey on Wireless Network Simulators

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the most developing areas in many factors like environment & wildlife monitoring, security & military surveillance, healthcare and many more. Also, routing protocols play a very important part in terms of efficiency in WSNs. Due to limitations of unreliable low power links and resources between the sensor nodes; design of an efficient routing protocol is a difficult problem. This paper has surveyed about Routing Techniques and basically about Hierarchical based routing with its protocols like LEACH, TEEN, PEGASIS, SEP and DEEC. And then finally their comparative study is provided.

A survey of routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: Hierarchical routing

The area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an invented automation which is used in recent years to perform multiple tasks in various domains intelligently. The unbalanced energy dissipation of Sensor Nodes results in the significant reduction of network lifetime which is the main problem in WSNs. Cluster based routing plays an inherent role in overcoming the energy dissipation problem and enhancing their network lifetime. In this paper, a new Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop (EACBM) routing protocol for heterogeneous networks has been proposed which uses both the concept of clustering and multi-hop communication to reduce the energy consumption of SNs. Also Sub-clustering concept is used for those SNs which are not included in any cluster or which are out of the reach of CH. This protocol is implemented and compared with the existing routing protocols (SEP, LEACH, CEEC and LEFCA) in MATLAB and found that it outperforms in terms of stability, network lifetime and gives the better solution for energy efficiency in hierarchical heterogeneous WSNs.

Amanjot Singh Toor

Papers

Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop Energy Efficient Routing Protocol using Multiple Mobile Nodes (MEACBM) in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Survey on Wireless Network Simulators

A survey of routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: Hierarchical routing

A new Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop Energy Efficient routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-Hop: A New Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks