THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

This critical review provides a processing-structure-property perspective on recent advances in cellulose nanoparticles and composites produced from them. It summarizes cellulose nanoparticles in terms of particle morphology, crystal structure, and properties. Also described are the self-assembly and rheological properties of cellulose nanoparticle suspensions. The methodology of composite processing and resulting properties are fully covered, with an emphasis on neat and high fraction cellulose composites. Additionally, advances in predictive modeling from molecular dynamic simulations of crystalline cellulose to the continuum modeling of composites made with such particles are reviewed (392 references).

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Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites

Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

We review the present state of polymer nanocomposites research in which the fillers are single-wall or multiwall carbon nanotubes. By way of background we provide a brief synopsis about carbon nanotube materials and their suspensions. We summarize and critique various nanotube/polymer composite fabrication methods including solution mixing, melt mixing, and in situ polymerization with a particular emphasis on evaluating the dispersion state of the nanotubes. We discuss mechanical, electrical, rheological, thermal, and flammability properties separately and how these physical properties depend on the size, aspect ratio, loading, dispersion state, and alignment of nanotubes within polymer nanocomposites. Finally, we summarize the current challenges to and opportunities for efficiently translating the extraordinary properties of carbon nanotubes to polymer matrices in hopes of facilitating progress in this emerging area.

Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nanotubes

Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010

Recently the critical discussion about the preservation of natural resources and recycling has led to the renewed interest concerning biomaterials with the focus on renewable raw materials. Because of increasing environmental consciousness and demands of legislative authorities, use and removal of traditional composite structures, usually made of glass, carbon or aramid fibers being reinforced with epoxy, unsaturated polyester, or phenolics, are considered critically. Recent advances in natural fiber development, genetic engineering and composite science offer significant opportunities for improved materials from renewable resources with enhanced support for global sustainability. The important feature of composite materials is that they can be designed and tailored to meet different requirements. Since natural fibers are cheap and biodegradable, the biodegradable composites from biofibers and biodegradable polymers will render a contribution in the 21st century due to serious environmental problem. Biodegradable polymers have offered scientists a possible solution to waste-disposal problems associated with traditional petroleum-derived plastics. For scientists the real challenge lies in finding applications which would consume sufficiently large quantities of these materials to lead price reduction, allowing biodegradable polymers to compete economically in the market. Today's much better performance of traditional plastics are the outcome of continued RD however the existing biodegradable polymers came to public only few years back. Prices of biodegradable polymers can be reduced on mass scale production; and such mass scale production will be feasible through constant R&D efforts of scientists to improve the performance of biodegradable plastics. Manufacture of biodegradable composites from such biodegradable plastics will enhance the demand of such materials. The structural aspects and properties of several biofibers and biodegradable polymers, recent developments of different biodegradable polymers and biocomposites are discussed in this review article. Collaborative R&D efforts among material scientists and engineers as well as intensive co-operation and co-ordination among industries, research institutions and government are essential to find various commercial applications of biocomposites even beyond to our imagination.

Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview

Sustainability, industrial ecology, eco-efficiency, and green chemistry are guiding the development of the next generation of materials, products, and processes. Biodegradable plastics and bio-based polymer products based on annually renewable agricultural and biomass feedstock can form the basis for a portfolio of sustainable, eco-efficient products that can compete and capture markets currently dominated by products based exclusively on petroleum feedstock. Natural/Biofiber composites (Bio-Composites) are emerging as a viable alternative to glass fiber reinforced composites especially in automotive and building product applications. The combination of biofibers such as kenaf, hemp, flax, jute, henequen, pineapple leaf fiber, and sisal with polymer matrices from both nonrenewable and renewable resources to produce composite materials that are competitive with synthetic composites requires special attention, i.e., biofiber–matrix interface and novel processing. Natural fiber–reinforced polypropylene composites have attained commercial attraction in automotive industries. Natural fiber—polypropylene or natural fiber—polyester composites are not sufficiently eco-friendly because of the petroleum-based source and the nonbiodegradable nature of the polymer matrix. Using natural fibers with polymers based on renewable resources will allow many environmental issues to be solved. By embedding biofibers with renewable resource–based biopolymers such as cellulosic plastics; polylactides; starch plastics; polyhydroxyalkanoates (bacterial polyesters); and soy-based plastics, the so-called green bio-composites are continuously being developed.

Sustainable Bio-Composites from Renewable Resources: Opportunities and Challenges in the Green Materials World

Natural fibers are emerging as low cost, lightweight and apparently environmentally superior alternatives to glass fibers in composites. We review select comparative life cycle assessment studies of natural fiber and glass fiber composites, and identify key drivers of their relative environmental performance. Natural fiber composites are likely to be environmentally superior to glass fiber composites in most cases for the following reasons: (1) natural fiber production has lower environmental impacts compared to glass fiber production; (2) natural fiber composites have higher fiber content for equivalent performance, reducing more polluting base polymer content; (3) the light-weight natural fiber composites improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions in the use phase of the component, especially in auto applications; and (4) end of life incineration of natural fibers results in recovered energy and carbon credits.

Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites

A review of biocomposites highlighting recent studies and developments in natural fibers, bio-polymers, and various surface modifications of natural fibers to improve fiber-matrix adhesion is presented. One of the most important factors which determine the final performance of the composite materials is the quality of the fiber-matrix interface. A sufficient degree of adhesion between the surface of hydrophilic ligno-cellulosic natural fibers and the polymer matrix resin is usually desired to achieve optimum performance of the biocomposite. Dewaxing, alkali treatment, isocyanate treatment, peroxide treatment, vinyl grafting, bleaching, acetylation, and treatment with coupling agents are useful ways to improve fiber-matrix adhesion in natural fiber composites. Two major areas of biocomposites will be discussed in this article. One is the most predominant biocomposite currently being commercialized for semi-structural use in the durable goods industries, e.g. auto-industries, i.e. natural fiber-polypropylen...

Surface modifications of natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: An overview

Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites: An Introduction A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal, S.E. Selke, B.R. Harte, and G.Hinrichsen Plant Fibers as Reinforcement for Green Composites A. Bismarck, S. Mishra, and T. Lampke Processing of Bast Fiber Plants for Industrial Application F. Munder, C. Furll, and H.Hempel Recent Developments in Retting and Measurement of Fiber Quality in Natural Fibers: Pro and Cons R.B. Dodd and D.E. Akin Alternative Low-Cost Biomass for the Biocomposites Industry D.D. Stokke Fiber-Matrix Adhesion in Natural Fiber Composites P.J. Herrera Franco and A. Valadez-Gonzalez Natural Fiber Composites in Automotive Applications B.C. Suddell and W.J. Evans Natural Fiber Composites for Building Applications B. Singh and M. Gupta Thermoset Biocomposites D. Ray and J. Rout Thermoplastic Wood Fiber Composites S. Godavarti Bamboo-Based Ecocomposites and Their Potential Applications K. Kitagawa, U. S. Ishiaku, M. Mizoguchi, and H. Hamada Oil Palm Fiber-Thermoplastic Composites H.D. Rozman, Z.A. Mohd Ishak, and U.S. Ishiaku Natural Fiber-Rubber Composites and Their Applications S. Joseph, M. Jacob, and S. Thomas Straw-Based Biomass and Biocomposites X. Mo, D. Wang, and X.S. Sun Sorona(R)Polymer: Present Status and Future Perspectives J.V. Kurian Polylactic Acid Technology D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, and J. Randall Polylactide-Based Biocomposites D. Plackett and A. Sodergard Bacterial Polyester-Based Biocomposites: A Review A. Hodzic Cellulose Fiber-Reinforced Cellulose Esters: Biocomposites for the Future G. Toriz, P. Gatenholm, B.D. Seiler, and D. Tindall Starch Polymers: Chemistry, Engineering, and Novel Products B.-S. Chiou, G.M. Glenn, S.H. Imam, M.K. Inglesby, D.F. Wood, and W.J. Orts Lignin-Based Polymer Blends and Biocomposite Materials S. Kubo, R.D. Gilbert, and J.F. Kadla Soy Protein-Based Plastics, Blends, and Composites A.K. Mohanty, W. Liu, P. Tummala, L.T. Drzal, M. Misra, and R.Narayan Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications of Novel Thermosetting Biopolymers from Soybean and Other Natural Oils F. Li and R.C. Larock Houses Using Soy Oil and Natural Fibers Biocomposites M.A. Dweib, A. O'Donnell, R.P. Wool, B. Hu, and H.W. Shenton III Biobased Polyurethanes and Their Composites: Present Status and Future Perspective J.-P. Latere Dwan'Isa, A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, and L.T. Drzal Cellulose-Based Nanocomposites L. Berglund How Sustainable Are Biopolymers and Biobased Products? The Hope, the Doubts, and the Reality M. Patel and R. Narayan Index

Amar K. Mohanty

Papers

Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview

Sustainable Bio-Composites from Renewable Resources: Opportunities and Challenges in the Green Materials World

Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites

Surface modifications of natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: An overview

Natural, Fibers, Biopolymers and Biocomposites