A catalogue of the subfamily Lamiinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of the Neotropical region is presented. The tribes (36), genera (723), species (4231) and subspecies (60) are listed in alphabetical order. Under each family-group name bibliographical references are given and under each species-group name, data on the type-locality, the acronym of the institution where the type is deposited, the geographical distribution and detailed bibliographical references are provided. Two new combinations are proposed: Urographis eucharis (Bates, 1885), new comb. and Urographis vexillaris (Bates, 1872) new comb., both from Graphisurus LeConte, 1852, not Kirby, 1837. The following new names are given: Alcathousiella new name to replace Alcathous Thomson, 1864, preoccupied by Alcathous Stal, 1863, Hemiptera; Camposiellina new name to replace Camposiella Lane, 1972, preoccupied by Camposiella Hebard, 1924, Orthoptera; Edechthistatus new name to replace Parechthistatus Giesbert, 2001, preoccupied by Parechthistatus Breuning, 1942, Coleoptera; Elytracanthina new name to replace Elytracantha Lane, 1955, preoccupied by Elytracantha Kleine, 1915, Coleoptera; Eranina new name to replace Erana Bates, 1866, preoccupied by Erana Gray, 1840, Aves; Heteresmia new name to replace Esmia Pascoe, 1859, preoccupied by Esmia Leach, 1847, Mollusca; Eupalessa new name to replace Eupales Dillon & Dillon, 1945, preoccupied by Eupales Lefevre, 1885, Coleoptera; Melzerus new name to replace Idiomerus Melzer, 1934, preoccupied by Idiomerus Imms, 1912, Collembola; Midamiella new name to replace Midamus Dillon & Dillon, 1945, preoccupied by Midamus Simon, 1881, Arachnida; Neoamphion new name to replace Amphion Reiche, 1840, preoccupied by Amphion Huebner, 1819, Lepidoptera; Neocolobura new name to replace Colobura Blanchard, 1851, preoccupied by Colobura Billberg, 1820, Lepidoptera; Neohoplonotus new name to replace Hoplonotus Blanchard, 1851, preoccupied by Hoplonotus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846, Coleoptera; Neohylus new name to replace Hylus Dillon & Dillon, 1945, preocuppied by Hylus Van Dyke, 1945, Coleoptera; Neolampedusa new name to replace Lampedusa Dillon & Dillon, 1945, preoccupied by Lampedusa Boettger, 1877, Mollusca; Proseriphus new name to replace Seriphus Bates, 1864, preoccupied by Seriphus Ayres, 1857, Pisces. One new synonym is proposed: Proxepectasis Monne & Giesbert, 1992 = Parepectasoides Breuning, 1979.

Catalogue of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of the Neotropical Region. Part II. Subfamily Lamiinae

Zusamrnenfassung
Im letzten Jahrzehnt sind eine Reihe von Klassifikationen der Chelicerata veroffentlicht worden, die nicht auf Synapomorphien grunden. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist ein cladistisches System und eine plausible Vorstellung von der Entfaltung der Chelicerata.

Zum Grundbauplan der Chelicerata gehort ein ungeteiltes Prosoma mit sechs extremitatentragenden Segmenten sowie ein Opisthosoma aus 12 Segmenten und dem Tergaldorn eines reduzierten 13. Segmentes.

Es gibt keinen Hinweis darauf, das die Scorpiones ein Tergit reduziert haben; ihre 12 Tergite entsprechen den ursprunglichen 12 Opisthosomasegmenten. Jedoch werden die ventralen Teile der Anlage des zweiten Opisthosomasegmentes sekundar unterteilt. Diese Unterteilung und die daraus entstehenden Kamme mit ihren Ganglien und Blutgefasen stellen eine Synapomorphie der Scorpiones dar.

Ein Schlusselereignis in der Evolution der Chelicerata ist die Entwicklung der rauberischen Lebensweise. Sie hat zur Verkurzung der ursprunglichen ventralen Nahrungsrinne gefuhrt. Die Extremitaten des ersten Opisthosomasegmentes (Chilaria, Metastoma) ubernehmen zunachst die hintere Begrenzung der Nahrungsrinne bzw. des daraus entstehenden Mundvorraumes.

Zahlreiche mohologische, ultrastrukturelle, entwicklungsgeschichtliche und ethologische Merkmale werden darauxin untersucht, ob sie Synapomorphien zur Begrundung eines cladistischen Systems liefem. Neben den klassischen morphologischen Merkmalen ergaben besonders die Feinstruktur der Spermatozoen und der Lichtsinnesorgane uberzeugende Synapomorphien. Das Ergebnis dieser Unter-suchungen ist das Cladogramm (I) (S. 179/180) und die ihm zugrunde liegenden Synapomorphien (Tab., S. 178/179). Die wichtigsten Folgerungen sind:

1. Die Chelicerata sind ein monophyletisches Taxon; ihre Schwestergruppe sind die Olenellida.

2. Die Aglaspida sind die plesiomorphe Schwestergruppe aller ubrigen Chelicerata (Euchelicerata).

3. Innerhalb dieser sind die Xiphosurida die plesiomorphe Schwestergruppe aller ubrigen Chelicerata (Metastomata).

4. Diese spalten sich fruh in die Eurypterida und Arachnida. Die Arachnida sind also eine mono-phyletische Gruppe, und wahrscheinlich ist schon ihre Stammform zum Landleben ubergegangen.

5. Innerhalb der Arachnida sind die Ctenophora oder Pectinifera (einzige Ordnung: Scorpiones) die Schwestergruppe aller ubrigen (epectinaten) Arachniden (Lipoctena).

6. Innerhalb der Lipoctena sind die Uropygi, Amblypygi, Araneae (Megoperculata) die Schwestergruppe der ubrigen Ordnungen, die als Apulrnonata zusammengefast werden.

7. Die Pantopoda werden als Chelicerata aufgefast, doch 1ast sich zur Zeit nicht entscheiden, ob sie als die Schwestergruppe aller anderen Chelicerata angesehen werden mussen oder als die Schwestergruppe der Euchelicerata.

Summary
Studies on the morphology, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chelicerata. Part I and II

The aim of the present investigation is to present a cladistic classification of the Chelicerata based on synapomorphies and to develop plausible ideas on the evolution of the Chelicerata.

The basic body pattern (Grundbauplan, that is, the most plesiomorphous condition of the chelicerate body) comprises an undivided prosoma containing six limb-bearing segments and an opisthosoma consisting of 12 segments and terminating in a tergal spine of a reduced 13th segment (usually erroneously termed telson).

There is no indication of a reduced first tergite in scorpions; their 12 tergites correspond to the original 12 opisthosomal segments. However, the ventral parts of the second opisthosomal segment have been divided secondarily thereby giving rise to the combs or pectines with their ganglia and blood vessels. This division of the ventral arts of the second oisthosomal segment and the pectines and their associated structures are considered synapomorphous characters of the Scorpiones.

One of the key events of chelicerate evolution was the acuisition of a predatory mode of life. This has lead to the reduction and disappearance of the ventral Sood roove. The appendages of the first opisthosomal segment (Chilaria, Metastoma) became transformed to form the posterior border of the food groove or preoral cavity.

Numerous morphological, ultrastructural, embryological, and ethological characters have been investigated with respect to the question whether they offer synapomorphies which can be used to construct a cladistic classification. The fine structure of spermatozoa and light sense organs proved to be especially interesting and rewarding in this respect. The most important results, represented in Cladogram (I) (fig. 1) and Tab. (p. 178–179), are:

1. The Chelicerata constitute a monophyletic taxon; their sister grou are the Olenellida.

2. The Aglaspida are the lesiomorphous sister group of the other Clelicerata (Euchelicerata).

3. Within these, the Xiphosurida are the plesiomorphous sister group of the remaining chelicerates (Metastomata).

4. These have subsequently split into the Eurypterida and Arachnida. The Arachnida, therefore, are a monophletic taxon, and their stem species started invasion of land and terrestrial life.

5. Within the Arachnida, the Ctenophora or Pectinifera (only order: Scorpiones) are the sister group of all other (epectinate) arachnids (Lipostena).

6. Within these, the Uropygi, Amblypygi, Araneae (Megoperculata) constitute the sister group of the remaining orders which are uniteed as the Apulmonata.

7. These early split into the Palpiradi and the Holotracheata, and these again into the Haplocnemata (= Pseudoscorpiones and Solifugae) and the Cryptoperculata (= Opiliones, Ricinulei, Acari).

8. The Acari are considered a monophyletic taxon because all attempts to indicate a closer relationship of parts of the Acari with other arachnids have not been convincing so far.

9. The classification of the Apulmonata and their further subdivisions are problematical because supposed synapomorphies become increasingly less convincing. However, as long as no other synapomorphies are shown which make a different classification more probable, we consider the present classification the most plausible one.

10. Pantopoda (Pycnogonida) are considered to be chelicerates. They have probably separated from the main stem very early and should be considered either the sister group of all other Chelicerata or of the Euchelicerata.

11. The last part of the paper presents a short outline of the possible routes of evolution of the Chelicerata. It could be shown that the first evolutionary steps or changes lead to increasingly more efficient predators and finally to the emergence of a terrestrial line (Arachnida). At least part of the adaptive radiation of the Arachnida most likely was the result of several splittings giving rise to forms which acquired different niches by means of different body sizes.

Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Chelicerata1 II. Cladogramme und die Entfaltung der Chelicerata

Insects harbor a tremendous diversity of sex determining mechanisms both within and between groups. For example, in some orders such as Hymenoptera, all members are haplodiploid, whereas Diptera contain species with homomorphic as well as male and female heterogametic sex chromosome systems or paternal genome elimination. We have established a large database on karyotypes and sex chromosomes in insects, containing information on over 13000 species covering 29 orders of insects. This database constitutes a unique starting point to report phylogenetic patterns on the distribution of sex determination mechanisms, sex chromosomes, and karyotypes among insects and allows us to test general theories on the evolutionary dynamics of karyotypes, sex chromosomes, and sex determination systems in a comparative framework. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that male heterogamety is the ancestral mode of sex determination in insects, and transitions to female heterogamety are extremely rare. Many insect orders harbor species with complex sex chromosomes, and gains and losses of the sex-limited chromosome are frequent in some groups. Haplodiploidy originated several times within insects, and parthenogenesis is rare but evolves frequently. Providing a single source to electronically access data previously distributed among more than 500 articles and books will not only accelerate analyses of the assembled data, but also provide a unique resource to guide research on which taxa are likely to be informative to address specific questions, for example, for genome sequencing projects or large-scale comparative studies.

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Sex Determination, Sex Chromosomes, and Karyotype Evolution in Insects

Sperm are often considered to be individuals, in part because of their unique genetic identities produced as a result of synapsis during meiosis, and in part due to their unique ecology, being ejected away from the soma to continue their existence in a foreign environment. Selection at the level of individual sperm has been suggested to explain the evolution of two enigmatic sperm phenotypes: sperm heteromorphism, where more than one type of sperm is produced by a male, and sperm conjugation, where multiple sperm join together for motility and transport through the female reproductive tract before dissociation prior to fertilization. In sperm heteromorphic species, only one of the sperm morphs typically participates in fertilization, with the non-fertilizing "parasperm" being interpreted as reproductive altruists. Likewise, in species with sperm conjugation, high levels of sperm mortality have been suggested to be required for conjugate break-up and this has been considered evidence of kin-selected altruism. However, it is unclear if sperm possess the heritable variation in fitness (i.e. are individuals) required for the evolution of cooperation. We investigate the question of sperm individuality by focusing on how sperm morphology is determined and how sperm conjugates are formed. Concentrating on sperm conjugation, we discuss functional hypotheses for the evolutionary maintenance of this remarkable trait. Additionally, we speculate on the potential origins of sperm heteromorphism and conjugation, and explore the diversification and losses of these traits once they have arisen in a lineage. We find current evidence insufficient to support the concept of sperm control over their form or function. Thus, without additional evidence of haploid selection (i.e. sperm phenotypes that reflect their haploid genome and result in heritable differences in fitness), sperm heteromorphism and conjugation should be interpreted not as cooperation but rather as traits selected at the level of the male, much like other ejaculatory traits such as accessory gland proteins and ejaculate size.

Evolution of intra-ejaculate sperm interactions: do sperm cooperate?

Supernumerary chromosomes (B chromosomes) occur in approximately 15% of eukaryote species. Although these chromosomes have been extensively studied, knowledge concerning their specific molecular composition is lacking in most cases. The accumulation of repetitive DNAs is one remarkable characteristic of B chromosomes, and the occurrence of distinct types of multigene families, satellite DNAs and some transposable elements have been reported. Here, we describe the organization of repetitive DNAs in the A complement and B chromosome system in the grasshopper species Abracris flavolineata using classical cytogenetic techniques and FISH analysis using probes for five multigene families, telomeric repeats and repetitive C0t-1 DNA fractions. The 18S rRNA and H3 histone multigene families are highly variable and well distributed in A. flavolineata chromosomes, which contrasts with the conservation of U snRNA genes and less variable distribution of 5S rDNA sequences. The H3 histone gene was an extensively distributed with clusters occurring in all chromosomes. Repetitive DNAs were concentrated in C-positive regions, including the pericentromeric region and small chromosomal arms, with some occurrence in C-negative regions, but abundance was low in the B chromosome. Finally, the first demonstration of the U2 snRNA gene in B chromosomes in A. flavolineata may shed light on its possible origin. These results provide new information regarding chromosomal variability for repetitive DNAs in grasshoppers and the specific molecular composition of B chromosomes.

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Chromosomal Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in the Grasshopper Abracris flavolineata Reveal Possible Ancestry of the B Chromosome and H3 Histone Spreading

The anatomy of the internal organs of the male reproductive apparatus (MRA) of adults and pupae was compared among 51 species of bees, including representatives of six families. Four different types of MRA were found. The type I is present in males of the less derived families (Colletidae, Andrenidae, and Halictidae) and is characterized by three seminiferous tubules per testis, which are almost completely enveloped by the scrotal membrane. The type II is an intermediary between types III and I and is present in Melittidae and Megachilidae, as well as in some Apidae studied, being characterized by post-vesicular deferent ducts outside the scrotal membrane and by three or four seminiferous tubules per testis, except for Apis mellifera L., which has a secondarily increased number of tubules. Type III was only found in the Apidae studied and is characterized by separately encapsulated testes and genital ducts (except for the post-vesicular deferent duct). Accessory glands are well developed, and the ejaculatory duct is thickened with fissures in its wall, which may also occur in the type II. Type IV is present exclusively in the tribe Meliponini, and is characterized by the absence of accessory glands.

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Comparative anatomy of the male reproductive internal organs of 51 species of bees

2 pairs of chromosomes - a new low record for coleoptera

This electron microscope study demonstrated changes leading to formation of a spermatozoon with anatypical acrosome and helical organization. Spermatids contain Golgi complex, mitochondria, centrioles, smooth reticulum and ribosomes. Spermiogenesis is characterized by migration of the nucleus and possibly the acrosomal vesicle to one pole of the cell where the later gives rise to lamellar outer structure and intranuclear ribbon homologous to the acrosome of other animals. The sperm originate from this spermiogenesis is characterized by an electron dense, screw shaped nucleus and a 9+0 type flagellum.

Amilton Ferreira

Papers

Comparative anatomy of the male reproductive internal organs of 51 species of bees

2 pairs of chromosomes - a new low record for coleoptera

Sperm Differentiation in the Scorpion Tityus Bahiensis (Perty)

The cytogenetics of Abracris flavolineata (Orthoptera, Caelifera, Ommatolampinae, Abracrini)

The spermatozoa of Tituys bahiensis (Perty) scorpion-Buthidae.