Artificial neural networks (ANNs) constitute a class of flexible nonlinear models designed to mimic biological neural systems. In this entry, we introduce ANN using familiar econometric terminology and provide an overview of ANN modeling approach and its implementation methods. † Correspondence: Chung-Ming Kuan, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan; ckuan@econ.sinica.edu.tw. †† I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the editor, Professor Steven Durlauf, for his patience and constructive comments on early drafts of this entry. I also thank Shih-Hsun Hsu and Yu-Lieh Huang for very helpful suggestions. The remaining errors are all mine.

Artificial neural networks

「脆弱性(Vulnerability)」とは何か

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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

Akaike information criterion statistics

Abstract Knowledge of the spacing and size of discontinuities in a rock mass is of considerable importance for the prediction of rock behaviour. The characteristics of discontinuities can be estimated using scanline surveys but the precision of the estimates must be obtained and the bias caused by linear sampling must be eliminated before they can validly be used. Initially, an expression is presented which gives the degree of confidence that can be assigned to the measured mean discontinuity spacing. A reduced form of this expression is obtained for cases where the discontinuity spacings follow the negative exponential distribution. The precision of discontinuity frequency and RQD estimates is also explained. The distribution of trace lengths produced by the intersection of planar discontinuities with a planar rock face is used to determine the distribution of trace lengths, the distribution of semi-trace lengths and the distribution of censored semi-trace lengths intersected by a randomly located scanline. Comparison of the actual and sampled distributions demonstrates the bias introduced by scanline sampling of trace lengths. Relations between the distributions can be used to produce analytical or graphical methods of estimating mean trace length from censored measurements at exposures of limited extent.

Estimation discontinuity spacing and trace length using scanline surveys

. Shahr-e-Babak tract of the Kerman metalogenic belt is one of the most potential segments of Urumieh–Dokhtar (Sahand-Bazman) magmatic arc. This area encompasses several porphyry copper deposits in exploration, development and exploitation hierarchy. The aim of this study is to map hydrothermal alterations caused by early Cenozoic magmatic intrusions in Shahr-e-Babak area. To this purpose, mineral mapping methods including band combinations, ratios and multiplications as well as PCA and MNF data space transforms in SWIR and VNIR for both ASTER and OLI sensors. Alteration zones according to spectral signatures of each type of alteration mineral assemblages such as argillic, phyllic and propylitic are successfully mapped. For enhancing the target areas false color composites and HSI-RGB color space transform are performed on developed band combinations. Previous studies have proven the robust application of ASTER in geology and mineral exploration; nonetheless, the results of this investigation prove applicability of OLI sensor from landsat-8 for alteration mapping. According to the results, evidently OLI sensor data can accurately map alteration zones. Additionally, the 12-bit quantization of OLI data is its privilege over 8-bit data of ASTER in VNIR and SWIR, thus OLI high quality results, which makes it easy to distinguish targets with enhanced color contrast between the altered and unaltered rocks.

https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLII-4-W5/153/2017/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W5-153-2017.pdf

Targeting hydrothermal alterations utilizing landsat-8 andaster data in shahr-e-babak, iran

Identification of high potential risk and susceptible zones for natural hazards of geological origin is one of the most important applications of advanced remote sensing technology in tropical environments. Yearly, several landslides occur during heavy monsoon rainfall in Kelantan river basin, Peninsular Malaysia, which are obviously connected to geological structures and topographical features of the region. In this study, the recently launched Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2) onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2), remote sensing data were used to map geologic structural and topographical features in the Kelantan river basin for identification of high potential risk and susceptible zones for landslides and flooding areas. A ScanSAR and two fine mode dual polarization level 3.1 images cover Kelantan state were processed for comprehensive analysis of major geological structures and detailed characterizations of lineaments, drainage patterns and lithology at both regional and district scales. Red-Green-Blue (RGB) colour-composite was applied to different polarization channels of PALSAR-2 data to extract variety of geological information. Directional convolution filters were applied to the data for identifying linear features in particular directions and edge enhancement in the spatial domain. The analysis of the data indicate that many of flooded areas were associated with high potential risk zones for hydro-geological hazards such as wetlands, urban areas, floodplain scroll, meander bend, dendritic and sub-dendritic drainage patterns, which are located in flat topography regions. Numerous landslide points were located in rectangular drainage system that associated with topographic slope of metamorphic and Quaternary rock units. Geo-hazard mitigation programmes could be conducted in the landslide recurrence regions and flooded areas for reducing natural catastrophes leading to loss of financial investments and death in the Kelantan river basin.

PALSAR-2 remote sensing data for detection of hazards zones of geological origin in Kelantan river basin, Peninsular Malaysia

The Bentong-Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) of peninsular Malaysia was selected as case study to evaluate the capability of the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite remote sensing data for structural geology mapping in tropical environments The structural elements in the BRSZ were enhanced using multi-polarization configuration of PALSAR data at a regional scale Adaptive local sigma and directional filters were applied to PALSAR data for detailed structural mapping Numerous tectonic lineaments with consistent variation in trend, length and density were detected in the study area Structural analysis of the BRSZ reveals that two distinct parts can be defined, a western part affected mainly by ductile fabrics in the Cameron Highlands and an eastern part affected mainly by brittle deformation in the BRSZ Ductile deformation indicates several generation of folding in the Cameron Highlands Several faults, joints and fractures represent brittle deformation events in the BRSZ The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of PALSAR satellite remote sensing data for mapping geological structures in tropical environments

PALSAR remote sensing data for structural geology mapping in tropical environments

Remote sensing imagery is capable to provide a solution to overcome the difficulties associated with geological field mapping in the Antarctic. Advanced optical and radar satellite imagery is the most applicable tool for mapping and identification of inaccessible regions in Antarctic. Consequently, an improved scientific research using remote sensing technology would be essential to provide new and more complete lithological and structural data to fill the numerous knowledge gaps on Antarctica’s geology. In this investigation, Oscar coast area in Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula (AP) was selected to conduct a remote sensing study using Landsat-7 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat-8 and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. Contrast-enhanced Red-Green-Blue (RGB) composites, band ratios and Relative Band Depth (RBD) image processing techniques were applied to Landsat-8 and ASTER dataset for establishing the spectral separation of the main lithologic groups exposed in the study area. The outcomes of this investigation demonstrated the applications of SWIR and TIR bands of the multispectral remote sensing datasets to identify lithological units and producing geological maps with suitable accuracy of ice-free rock regions in the Antarctic Peninsula. The results could be extended to map coverage of non-investigated regions further east and validated previously inferred geological observations concerning other rocks and mineral deposits throughout the Antarctica.

/pdf/application-of-multispectral-satellite-data-for-geological-4c8vklg75b.pdf

Amin Beiranvand Pour

Papers

Targeting hydrothermal alterations utilizing landsat-8 andaster data in shahr-e-babak, iran

PALSAR-2 remote sensing data for detection of hazards zones of geological origin in Kelantan river basin, Peninsular Malaysia

PALSAR remote sensing data for structural geology mapping in tropical environments

Application of multispectral satellite data for geological mapping in antarctic environments

Application of ASTER SWIR bands in mapping anomaly pixels for Antarctic geological mapping