Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies

Lefevere illustrates that translating is just rewriting.In this book he shows us the importance of rewriting and the necessity for further study of the phenomenon.He points out that culture is a complex system which is the environment of a literary system and mainly discusses the four aspects influencing translating and the four forms of rewriting.

On Translation,Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame

En este trabajo, analizo documentos historicos relevantes con respecto a la abolicion de la esclavitud en los Estados Unidos de America en el siglo XIX. Primero realizo un resumen de la historia de la esclavitud en los Estados Unidos, desde la primera vez que los africanos llegaron en 1619, hasta la proclamacion de la decimocuarta enmienda en 1869 que define a la poblacion de raza negra como ciudadanos de los EEUU. Posteriormente, llevo a cabo un detallado analisis de algunos documentos historicos, de los que se proporciona informacion historica, se extraen las ideas principales y secundarias y finalmente se explican las consecuencias e implicaciones de dichos documentos. La mayoria de los documentos surgen como una consecuencia de los anteriores por lo que al final obtenemos una buena idea de los pasos que se siguieron para conseguir la libertad de los afroamericanos. Palabras clave: Abolicionismo, esclavitud, enmienda, trabajo forzoso, Estados Confederados. In this dissertation, I analyze historical documents relevant in terms of the abolition of the slavery in the United States of America in the 19th century. First, I write a summary of the history of slavery in the USA, from the first time that blacks arrived to the country in 1619, until the proclamation of the fourteenth proclamation in 1869 by which the black population is given citizenship. Later on, I realize a detailed analysis of several historical documents, of which I give historical information, draw the main and secondary ideas and finally explain the consequences and implication of the documents I have mentioned before. The majority of the documents emerged as a consequence of the preceding ones, which allow us to obtain a good idea of the steps that were taken to achieve the freedom of the African-Americans.

FACULTAD de FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO de FILOLOGÍA INGLESA Grado en Estudios Ingleses

Language is formed in the context of culture; on the other hand, the culture of a society is reflected in the language's mirror. Language has a cultural backbone as a communication tool. This cultural backing is in fact the basis for the emergence of vocabulary and its conceptual boundaries, as well as the decisive factor in the image and image reflected in the ords and proverbs. Because different ethnic groups have different cultures, there are problems on the path to the relationship between nations and the mutual understanding of languages. The methods of translating proverbs and synopsis as part of language and culture play a
significant role in communicating, despite the fact that some cultural reflections sometimes apply in the above interpretations because of the inappropriateness of the methods of translating neglected. Since one of the goals of translation is to create and promote communication between cultures, ignoring the cultural aspects of texts in translation can reduce the scientific and cultural values of translated works. The present paper seeks to explain this problem and provide some solutions.

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Cultural value of translation of proverbs and synopsis

BACKGROUND The increase in the number of international research studies means more surveys need to be adapted for use in different languages. To obtain valid cross-cultural study results, researchers often use translated surveys. AIM To describe the translation process used, and lessons learned by a bilingual English/Mandarin PhD student and her three English-speaking supervisors when developing and translating an English-language survey for use in a study in Taiwan. DISCUSSION In evaluating the translation process in this study, the three criteria of content equivalence, semantic equivalence and conceptual equivalence are discussed in relation to the challenges these presented to the research team. Some of the ways the team addressed these challenges are also considered. CONCLUSION The time available for the research and the ability of translators need to be assessed when adapting surveys for use in different languages and cultures. Sharing experiences and lessons learned in the translation process was worthwhile, as all members of the research team came away with new knowledge and an understanding of the need to ensure the final version of a translated survey is culturally congruent. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE To accurately translate a survey into another language, it is essential that one of the researchers be fluent in that language. This guarantees the closest fit of content and semantic and conceptual meaning.

Challenges in adapting a survey: ensuring cross-cultural equivalence.

This research tries to investigate and identify firstly some existing obstacles in the process of translating inter-lingual idiomatic pairs, and then to suggest some weighty theoretical strategies to overcome such difficulties. Following Mona Baker's (1992) classification of difficulties and strategies and the related sub-categories mentioned, the present study makes an effort to analyze such classifications and practically apply them largely for some English and the equivalent Turkish (Azeri) as well as Persian pairs. Findings show that there are a number of factors which should be considered in order to translate idiomatic expressions correctly. The most important of such factors include socio-linguistic elements, cultural aspects, linguistic and stylistic considerations as well as some specific meta-lingual factors.

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Translation of Idioms and Fixed Expressions: Strategies and Difficulties

There are some factors in translating a text which influence the result of translation process, one of which is political ideology and control factors which impose some limitations and give direction to the translator. Through this paper an attempt has been made to substantiate these imposing factors as well as describing the ways translators might apply. Based on critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach to textual analysis and following Lefevere's (1992a; 1992b) concept of patronage, it has been tried to compare some newspaper texts with their related translations so as to depict the role of imposing factors in the process of translation. Results of the survey and analysis of the factors behind the translational aspects indicate that ideologies and political issues are important stimuli which can control the materials being translated, and then presented to the mass through news texts.

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Amir Shojaei

Papers

Translation of Idioms and Fixed Expressions: Strategies and Difficulties

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Political Ideology and Control Factors in News Translation