Research on the predictors of 3 bully status groups (bullies, victims, and bully victims) for school-age children and adolescents was synthesized using meta-analytic procedures. The primary purpose was to determine the relative strength of individual and contextual predictors to identify targets for prevention and intervention. Age and how bullying was measured were also considered as moderators. From an original pool of 1,622 studies conducted since 1970 (when research on bullying increased significantly), 153 studies were identified that met criteria for inclusion. A number of common and unique predictors were found for the bully status groups. The implications of the meta-analytic findings for future research on bullying and victimization prevention and intervention are discussed.

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Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-analytic Investigation

In this article, we review theoretical and empirical advances in research on romantic relationships between age 10 and the early twenties. First, we describe key themes in this area of research. Next, we briefly characterize the most influential theoretical formulations and distinctive methodological issues. We then describe research findings regarding pertinent social and developmental processes. We summarize the extensive findings on relationships with parents and peers as a context for romantic relationships. Finally, we characterize the growing evidence that adolescent romantic relationships are significant for individual adjustment and development, and we note promising directions for further research.

Adolescent Romantic Relationships

Few studies have investigated bullying experiences among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD); however, preliminary research suggests that children with ASD are at greater risk for being bullied than typically developing peers. The aim of the current study was to build an understanding of bullying experiences among children with ASD based on parent reports by examining rates of various forms of bullying, exploring the association between victimization and mental health problems, and investigating individual and contextual variables as correlates of victimization. Victimization was related to child age, internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, communication difficulties, and number of friends at school, as well as parent mental health problems. Bullying prevention and intervention strategies are discussed.

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Bullying experiences among children and youth with autism spectrum disorders.

Trajectories in bullying through adolescence were studied along with individual, family, and peer relationship factors. At the outset, participants’ ages ranged from 10 to 14; 74% identified as European Canadian with the remainder from diverse backgrounds. With 8 waves of data over 7 years, 871 students (466 girls and 405 boys) were studied to reveal 4 trajectories: 9.9% reported consistently high levels of bullying, 13.4% reported early moderate levels desisting to almost no bullying at the end of high school, 35.1% reported consistently moderate levels, and 41.6% almost never reported bullying. Students who bullied had elevated risks in individual, parent, and peer relationship domains. Risk profiles and trajectories provide direction for interventions to curtail the development of power and aggression in relationships.

Developmental trajectories of bullying and associated factors.

::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: In this paper, we examined the forms and relationship contexts of bullying in adolescence. Using cross-sectional data, we assessed grade and sex differences in self-reports of bullying and sexually harassing peers, as well as reports of dating aggression from1896 students from early to late adolescence. Reports of bullying others were highest around the school transition, with lowest levels at the end of high school. Boys reported more bullying and sexual harassment than girls. Sexual harassment of same- and opposite-sex peers increased over the early adolescent years and leveled off in later high-school years. There were no sex differences in the prevalence of indirect or physical aggression with a dating partner. Adolescents who bullied were at increased risk for the other forms of relationship aggression. These data highlight bullying as a relationship problem and point to the need for prevention programs to curtail the use of power and aggression in adolescent relationships. Aggr. Behav. 32:376–384, 2006. r 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

https://www.mac-cura.ca/download%20docs/Papers%20for%20Site/Bullying/Pepler%20et%20al.,%202006.pdf

A developmental perspective on bullying

In response to a gap in gender-sensitive programming for young aggressive girls (5–11) and their families, the SNAP® Girls Connection (GC) was developed in 1996. This multi-systemic intervention is built on a developmental model of risk and protective factors within the girl and her relationships. We evaluated the SNAP® GC using a prospective quasi-experimental design, randomly assigning 80 girls to treatment (N = 45) and waiting-list groups (N = 35) over 2 years. Fifty-five parents completed measures at assessment periods 1, 2 and 3. Results showed significant positive changes on girls’ problem behavior and parenting skills for the treatment versus the waiting-list groups, as well as maintenance of treatment gains. Implications of the findings on treatment effectiveness of this gender-sensitive intervention are discussed.

Bridging the Gender Gap: Interventions with Aggressive Girls and Their Parents

5. The Ethics of Peeking behind the Fence: Issues Related to Studying Children’s Aggression and Victimization

Adult criminality is best understood in the context of delinquent behavior in childhood and adolescence (Farrington 1991). The first predictive models of criminal behavior were created long ago, but in recent years these models have been refined and provide a great deal of information about the pathways leading to criminal behavior (Moffitt et al. 2001; Pepler et al. 2010a). Boys and girls on the early onset pathway often experience the most troubled and diverse range of problems, which persist as they transition into adolescence and adulthood (Moffitt et al. 2001; Odgers et al. 2008; Yuile 2007). Because of the high prevalence of males in contact with the law, historically this research focused on boys and men. Increasing awareness of girls’ delinquency and associated problems has led researchers and clinicians to advocate for the development of models to understand and address the development of delinquency in girls.

Amy Yuile

Papers

A developmental perspective on bullying

Bridging the Gender Gap: Interventions with Aggressive Girls and Their Parents

5. The Ethics of Peeking behind the Fence: Issues Related to Studying Children’s Aggression and Victimization

Risk for Girls’ Delinquency: Early Intervention to Promote Healthy Development