This chapter introduces the finite element method (FEM) as a tool for solution of classical electromagnetic problems. Although we discuss the main points in the application of the finite element method to electromagnetic design, including formulation and implementation, those who seek deeper understanding of the finite element method should consult some of the works listed in the bibliography section.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method

A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry

지각된 유용성(Perceived Usefulness)의 영향분석

The review outlines modern trends in theoretical developments, novel designs and modern applications of sandwich structures. The most recent work published at the time of writing of this review is considered, older sources are listed only on as-needed basis. The review begins with the discussion on the analytical models and methods of analysis of sandwich structures as well as representative problems utilizing or comparing these models. Novel designs of sandwich structures is further elucidated concentrating on miscellaneous cores, introduction of nanotubes and smart materials in the elements of a sandwich structure as well as using functionally graded designs. Examples of problems experienced by developers and designers of sandwich structures, including typical damage, response under miscellaneous loads, environmental effects and fire are considered. Sample applications of sandwich structures included in the review concentrate on aerospace, civil and marine engineering, electronics and biomedical areas. Finally, the authors suggest a list of areas where they envision a pressing need in further research.

Review of current trends in research and applications of sandwich structures

Shared decision-making is increasingly advocated as an ideal model of treatment decision-making in the medical encounter. To date, the concept has been rather poorly and loosely defined. This paper attempts to provide greater conceptual clarity about shared treatment decision-making, identify some key characteristics of this model, and discuss measurement issues. The particular decision-making context that we focus on is potentially life threatening illnesses, where there are important decisions to be made at key points in the disease process, and several treatment options exist with different possible outcomes and substantial uncertainty. We suggest as key characteristics of shared decision-making (1) that at least two participants-physician and patient be involved; (2) that both parties share information; (3) that both parties take steps to build a consensus about the preferred treatment; and (4) that an agreement is reached on the treatment to implement. Some challenges to measuring shared decision-making are discussed as well as potential benefits of a shared decision-making model for both physicians and patients.

Shared Decision-making in the Medical Encounter: What Does It Mean? (Or, It Takes at Least Two to Tango)

Honeycomb Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (HFRP) sandwich panels with sinusoidal core geometry have shown to be successful both for new construction and rehabilitation of existing bridge decks. The development of standards and guidelines is needed in order to promote wider acceptance of composite sandwich products in construction. Much effort has been devoted to the modeling, optimization, and strength evaluation of the HFRP panel at West Virginia University, in terms of both experimental investigations and analytical solutions. This paper first summarizes all the findings, including out-of-plane compression failure and buckling, shear buckling, shear failure, and delamination at interface due to shear-tension coupling of out-of-plane shear; and progressive failure of laminated facesheet. And then, using the analytical models obtained, parametric studies are carried out and equations are provided to describe the influence of such parameters as interface bonding layer numbers, core wall thicknesses, and facesheet configurations. Next, through correlations with existing experimental results, design guidelines are proposed considering various failure modes. Finally, the proposed guidelines are used to evaluate the strength of HFRP sandwich panels and verify their applicability in practice. All methods presented in this paper can be extended to study other types of sandwich panels.

Guidelines for Design of Honeycomb FRP Sandwich Panels

Concrete sandwich walls are commonly used as the exterior wall panels of a structure, in which the wall suffers out-of-plane bending under strong wind conditions. This paper aims to investigate the bending performance of concrete sandwich walls under actual boundary conditions through experimental and analytical methods. In total, four concrete sandwich walls were tested to detect the influence of openings and loading direction. Typical failure patterns were characterized and discussed. The load-displacement curves of four test specimens were analyzed. It was indicated that the bearing capacity of the walls under negative bending conditions was higher than that under positive bending conditions, owing to the additional constraints provided by the steel beams. Strain distributions of wall specimens were also discussed in order to obtain the composite action of the sandwich walls between the upper and lower layers of concrete. In addition, the finite element model (FEM) was developed by ABAQUS to provide insights into the bending performance of the sandwich walls. Through comparison with the test results, the FEM was verified with a good level of accuracy. Subsequently, the degree of composite action of the sandwich walls was assessed in terms of both the moment of inertia and bearing capacity. From the experimental and numerical results, it demonstrated that the bearing capacity of concrete sandwiched wall under negative direction was higher than that under positive direction owing to the constraints of steel beam. The derived composite action degree could be employed to evaluate the out-plane bending stiffness and strength of sandwiched concrete wall. Both the experimental and analytical results in this paper are beneficial for the design of sandwich walls under bending conditions.

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Bending Performance of Concrete Sandwich Walls with Actual Boundary Conditions

In this paper, phase change paraffin microcapsule and aerated concrete are combined to construct a new type phase change aerated concrete. Four groups of specimens with 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of microcapsule phase change material (MPCM) were manufactured. Comprehensive tests, including microstructure characterization, dry density, compressive strength, and thermal parameter tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of MPCM on mechanical and thermal properties of the phase change aerated concrete. Scanning electron microscope diagrams show that the structure of MPCM is complete in the cement substrate without damage. The test results show that with the increase of the content of MPCM: (1) density, peak strain, specific heat capacity, and heat storage coefficient increase; (2) elastic modulus and thermal conductivity decrease; and (3) the cubic compressive strength and the ultimate prismatic strength increase first and then decrease. Based on this study, the optimal content of MPCM is 2.5%, which performs better than non-autoclaved aerated concrete without MPCM in terms of both mechanical and thermal properties. 

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Phase Change Aerated Concrete with Paraffin Microcapsule

A Postcard Primer Prior to Mailed Fecal Immunochemical Test Among Veterans: a Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeThis article aims to describe the thinking behind MASSE, a project in Finland that helps address the fragmentation of care and patient journey disruptions for long-term care. It outlines the conceptualization of an information technology (IT)-assisted solution and presents preliminary findings and research problems in this ongoing project.Design/methodology/approachThe project employs a service engineering and design science approach with the objective of addressing chronic and multimorbid patients in specialized multiprovider environments. It does this by applying information and communication technologies and organizational design. The project has been a cocreative effort with ongoing interviews and workshops with various stakeholders to inform the conceptualization of a solution, an intermediary step before the implementation phase.FindingsPatient journey disruptions occur when caregivers do not know what to do in specific situations. A potential solution is a virtual care operator (VCO) with a personalized patient card that would enable service ecosystem actors to integrate and coordinate their tasks. This article presents the basic design principles of such a solution.Research limitations/implicationsConceptual ideas and preliminary results only indicative.Practical implicationsSystemic integration efforts like those ongoing in Finland can benefit from the VCO concept encouraging a more collaborative way of thinking about integrative solutions and opening up new avenues of research on business implications and ecosystem strategies.Social implicationsThe VCO concept answers to the continuity of care, the rising costs of health care and the growing numbers of patients with chronic disease and multimorbidity whose care remains fragmented and uncoordinated.Originality/valueTaking an ecosystem approach to care integration and addressing interoperability issues are on the cutting edge of healthcare system transformation.

An Chen

Papers

Guidelines for Design of Honeycomb FRP Sandwich Panels

Bending Performance of Concrete Sandwich Walls with Actual Boundary Conditions

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Phase Change Aerated Concrete with Paraffin Microcapsule

A Postcard Primer Prior to Mailed Fecal Immunochemical Test Among Veterans: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Personalized care with mass production efficiency: integrating care with a virtual care operator