Economics and Information Theory

This paper describes the correlations between inequality and the growth rates in cross-country data. Using non-parametric methods, we show that the growth rate is an inverted U-shaped function of net changes in inequality: Changes in inequality (in any direction) are associated with reduced growth in the next period. The estimated relationship is robust to variations in control variables and estimation methods. This inverted U-curve is consistent with a simple political economy model, although, as we point out, efforts to interpret this model causally run into difficult identification problems. We show that this non-linearity is sufficient to explain why previous estimates of the relationship between the level of inequality and growth are so different from one another.

Inequality and Growth: What Can the Data Say?

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The age of discontinuity: guidelines to our changing society

The diffusion of the Internet is reaching a level between 80% and 90% in Western societies. Yet, while the digital divide is closing for young cohorts, it is still an issue when comparing various generations. This study focuses specifically on the so-called ‘grey divide’, a divide among seniors of age 65+ years. Based on a representative survey in Switzerland (N = 1105), it is found that Internet use is strongly skewed in this age group leading to a partial exclusion of the old seniors (70+). Logistic regression shows that gender differences in usage disappear if controlled for education, income, technical interest, pre-retirement computer use and marital status. Furthermore, the social context appears to have a manifold influence on Internet use. Encouragement by family and friends is a strong predictor for Internet use, and private learning settings are preferred over professional courses. Implications for digital inequality initiatives and further research are discussed.

/pdf/the-digital-divide-has-grown-old-determinants-of-a-digital-52ni8e4cxc.pdf

The digital divide has grown old: Determinants of a digital divide among seniors

Human Development Report 2001: making new technologies work for human development

A multivariate framework for the analysis of the digital divide: evidence for the European Union-15

Over the last years great efforts have been devoted to the analysis of the digital divide at the 
international level. In contrast, the evidence about the regional digital divide is still scarce, 
especially in the case of the European Union. Within this context, the aim of this paper is to 
remedy this deficiency, trying to throw some light on the state of ICT adoption across European 
regions. On the basis of a set of ICT-related indicators, we perform a factor analysis that leads 
us to the development of a ranking, identifying best-and-worst performing regions. The Top-10 
mainly corresponds to Dutch regions, while Greece and Bulgaria occupy the Bottom-10. Hence, 
results show that the regional digital divide reflects to some extent the income gap. However, 
regional policy towards ICT seems to be having some positive implications for technology 
adoption. Finally, we assess the regional divides within each Member State.

Assessing the regional digital divide across the European Union-27

The main feature of shift-share analysis is, according to Dunn (1960), the computation of geographical shifts in economic activity. Nevertheless, the traditional shift-share approach does not include explicitly the interaction between the considered spatial units (countries, municipalities, regions, etc) since each of these units is considered to be independent with respect to the others. The consideration of the spatial dependence was suggested by some authors who recognized that the decomposed effects are not spatially independent. Nazara y Hewings (2002, 2004) take up this idea again and implement a new shift-share model based on the existence of spatial dependence between the geographic units by means of the definition of a spatial weight matrix. In this paper a comparative analysis of the different models is carried out. The obtained conclusions are also illustrated with some empirical applications related to municipalities.

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/117782/1/ERSA2005_659.pdf

The spatial shift-share analysis - new developments and some findings for the Spanish case

One of the most significant economic trends of recent years is the growing use of the 
Internet for conducting business, and in particular to purchase and sell online without 
temporal or spatial restrictions. In this context the aim of this paper is to explore both 
the adoption of e-commerce and the extent of its use across EU-27 firms. We analyze in 
parallel the factors driving online buying and selling. The intensity of adoption is 
examined by looking at the percentage of sales and purchases, respectively, made 
online. Our results show that the decision to adopt e-commerce depends mainly on the 
perceived impact ICT adoption would have for the firm. Furthermore, size, absorptive 
capacity, market environment, and competitive pressures are positively correlated with 
adoption. Our results also throw some light on the cross-country diffusion of ecommerce. The substantial differences in adoption rates are mainly explained by income 
levels. In addition, countries that are more open to trade tend toward higher e-commerce 
diffusion.

Patterns of e-commerce adoption and intensity. Evidence for the european union-27

The aim of this paper is to contribute both theoretically and empirically to the analysis of Inequality of Opportunity over time, providing some significant findings referred to the Spanish case. The analysis is carried out using microdata collected by the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), which incorporate a wide variety of personal harmonised variables, allowing comparability with other countries. The availability of this database for the period 2004 and 2010 is particularly relevant for assessing changes over time in the main inequality indices and the contribution of circumstances to inequality of opportunity. We find that the effect of circumstances on income distribution has significantly intensified between the two years. To test the significance of the differences between years we perform bootstrap estimations.

Ana Jesús López Menéndez

Papers

A multivariate framework for the analysis of the digital divide: evidence for the European Union-15

Assessing the regional digital divide across the European Union-27

The spatial shift-share analysis - new developments and some findings for the Spanish case

Patterns of e-commerce adoption and intensity. Evidence for the european union-27

Assessing Changes Over Time in Inequality of Opportunity: The Case of Spain