Grasslands and forests are degraded in Turkey's Mediterranean Region (TMR), the center of the widespread traditional Yoruk silvopastoral system. Government efforts to halt degradation focus on afforestation, a policy that reduces the amount of land available to the Yoruks for their traditional livelihood system, which is further endangered by socioeconomic dynamics subject to the pressures of globalization. This silvopastoral system is examined with respect to policies that affect it and its potential for sustainability, with a view to regional community development. Interaction between this regional system, a component of traditional culture in the TMR, and current trends in globalization are noted, and the need for harmony between silvopastoralism and forestry is examined.

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Silvopastoralism in Turkey’s Mountainous Mediterranean Region

Chapitre 2 - Du « bon » usage des ressources

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are presented as systems likely to meet a variety of interests from diverse stakeholders embodied in sectoral policies such as forestry or environment policies. However, they are in a process of being institutionalized in Europe through specific policy instruments mostly within agricultural policies. In this context, we investigated the agroforestry policyscape, meaning the social and spatial articulation between multiple policies impacting agroforestry along a Mediterranean landscape gradient from agricultural intensification to land abandonment. We focused on the necessary conditions to promote socio-political synergies between practices, actors and instruments to tackle agroforestry, from preexisting to emerging systems and issues in these landscapes. We worked in two Mediterranean protected areas, the Ventoux Biosphere Reserve and the Verdon Regional Nature Park, and conducted in-depth interviews with 50 practitioners and sectoral representatives from diverse policies directly affecting AFS. We identified five categories of AFS, some of them being traditional declining practices while other ‘modern’ forms are currently emerging with the ongoing agro-ecological transition. We highlighted that while stakeholders and policies from multiple social groups are interested in some AFS such as silvopastures, others AFS such as silvoarable systems are confined to a single social and political field, the agricultural one, or even ignored by policies such as grazed orchards. Regarding this agroforestry policyscape, we discuss opportunities for agroforestry development with issues of policies coordination, lack of instruments, and need for synergies with environmental or land-use planning policies.

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The policyscape of agroforestry within Mediterranean protected landscapes in France

Réflexions sur l'élevage dans les formations arborées méditerranéennes

L'organisation respective et conjointe des espaces pastoraux et forestiers peut etre pensee en fonction de nombreux objectifs differents. S'agit-il de produire de la viande (et quelle viande !) du bois (et quel bois !), d'entretenir le paysage, d'assurer une maitrise de l'eau (et au profit de qui ?), de favoriser le maintien d'un peuplement permanent, de mettre en reserve des espaces pour l'avenir, de preserver certains equilibres locaux que la poursuite d'objectifs regionaux ou nationaux risquent d'ignorer ?... La superposition d'usages forestiers et pastoraux est sans doute susceptible de contribuer a la realisation de plusieurs de ces objectifs. Elle constitue une voie contribuant a accroitre la capacite des systemes agraires montagnards a resister a des agressions exterieures pour autant que les conflits qu'elle ferait naitre a l'interieur de ces systemes ne conduisent pas a des antagonismes irreductibles.

André Brun

Papers

Espaces forestiers et espaces pastoraux : le pâturage en forêt