Chapter 1 The Biosphere Chapter 2 The Anthroposphere Introduction Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Plants Chapter 3 Soils and Soil Processes Introduction Weathering Processes Pedogenic Processes Chapter 4 Soil Constituents Introduction Trace Elements Minerals Organic Matter Organisms in Soils Chapter 5 Trace Elements in Plants Introduction Absorption Translocation Availability Essentiality and Deficiency Toxicity and Tolerance Speciation Interaction Chapter 6 Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia) Introduction Lithium Rubidium Cesium Chapter 7 Elements of Group 2 (Previously Group IIa) Beryllium Strontium Barium Radium Chapter 8 Elements of Group 3 (Previously Group IIIb) Scandium Yttrium Lanthanides Actinides Chapter 9 Elements of Group 4 (Previously Group IVb) Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Chapter 10 Elements of Group 5 (Previously Group Vb) Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Chapter 11 Elements of Group 6 (Previously Group VIb) Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Chapter 12 Elements of Group 7 (Previously Group VIIb) Manganese Technetium Rhenium Chapter 13 Elements of Group 8 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Iron Ruthenium Osmium Chapter 14 Elements of Group 9 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Cobalt Rhodium Iridium Chapter 15 Elements of Group 10 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Nickel Palladium Platinum Chapter 16 Elements of Group 11 (Previously Group Ib) Copper Silver Gold Chapter 17 Trace Elements of Group 12 (Previously of Group IIb) Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chapter 18 Elements of Group 13 (Previously Group IIIa) Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium Thallium Chapter 19 Elements of Group I4 (Previously Group IVa) Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Chapter 20 Elements of Group 15 (Previously Group Va) Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Chapter 21 Elements of Group 16 (Previously Group VIa) Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chapter 22 Elements of Group 17 (Previously Group VIIa) Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Trace elements in soils and plants

http://netedu.xauat.edu.cn/jpkc/netedu/jpkc2009/szylyybh/content/wlzy/1/Review%20of%20Arsenic%20in%20natural%20water%20-%20Smedly.pdf

A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters

The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from human activities. Broad interrelationships among these processes and their effects can be discerned by application of principles of chemical thermodynamics. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium, including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the Earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural freshwater. The ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry. Fundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in the composition of moving water and by the effects of particulate suspended material. Some constituents are unstable and require onsite determination or sample preservation. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents

Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water

SOIL SAMPLING AND HANDLING, G.T. Patterson and M.R. Carter Soil Sampling Designs, D. Pennock, T. Yates, and J. Braidek Sampling Forest Soils, N. Belanger and K.C.J. Van Rees Measuring Change in Soil Organic Carbon Storage, B.H. Ellert, H.H. Janzen, A.J. VandenBygaart, and E. Bremer Soil Sample Handling and Storage, S.C. Sheppard and J.A. Addison Quality Control in Soil Chemical Analysis, C. Swyngedouw and R. Lessard DIAGNOSTIC METHODS for SOIL and ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, J.J. Schoenau and I.P. O'Halloran Nitrate and Exchangeable Ammonium Nitrogen, D.G. Maynard, Y.P. Kalra, and J.A. Crumbaugh Mehlich 3 Extractable Elements, N. Ziadi and T. Sen Tran Sodium Bicarbonate Extractable Phosphorus, J.J. Schoenau and I. P. O'Halloran Boron, Molybdenum and Selenium, G. M. Hettiarachchi and U. C. Gupta Trace Element Assessment, W.H. Hendershot, H. Lalande, D. Reyes, and D. MacDonald Readily Soluble Aluminum and Manganese in Acid Soils, Y.K. Soon, N. Belanger, and W.H. Hendershot Lime Requirement, N. Ziadi and T. Sen Tran Ion Supply Rates Using Ion Exchange Resins, P. Qian, J.J. Schoenau, and N. Ziadi Environmental Soil Phosphorus Indices, A.N. Sharpley, P.J.A. Kleinman and J.L. Weld Electrical Conductivity and Soluble Ions, J.J. Miller and D. Curtin SOIL CHEMICAL ANALYSES, Y.K. Soon and W.H. Hendershot Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Acidity, W.H. Hendershot, H. Laland,e and M. Duquette Collection and Characterization of Soil Solutions, J.D. MacDonald, N. Belanger, S. Sauve, F. Courchesne, and W.H. Hendershot Ion Exchange and Exchangeable Cations, W.H. Hendershot, H. Lalande, and M. Duquette Non-Exchangeable Ammonium, Y.K. Soon and B.C. Liang Carbonates, T.B. Goh and A.R. Mermut Total and Organic Carbon, J.O. Skjemstad and J.A. Baldock Total Nitrogen, P.M. Rutherford, W.B. McGill, C.T. Figueiredo, and J.M. Arocena Chemical Characterization of Soil Sulphur, C.G. Kowalenko and M. Grimmett Total and Organic Phosphorus, I.P. O'Halloran and B.J. Cade-Menum Characterization of Available P by Sequential Extraction, H. Tiessen and J.O. Moir Extractable Al, Fe, Mn, and Si, F. Courchesne and M.C. Turmel Determining Nutrient Availability in Forest Soils, N. Belanger, David Pare, and W.H. Hendershot Chemical Properties of Organic Soils, A. Karam SOIL BIOLOGICAL ANALYSES, E. Topp and C.A. Fox Cultural Methods for Soil and Root Associated Microorganisms, J.J. Germida and J.R. de Freitas Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, Y. Dalpe and C. Hamel Root Nodule Bacteria and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, D. Prevost and H. Antoun Microarthropods, J.P Winter and V.M. Behan-Pelletier Nematodes, T.A. Forge and J. Kimpinski Earthworms, M.J. Clapperton, G.H. Baker and C.A. Fox Enchytraeids, S.M. Adl Protozoa, S.M. Adl, D. Acosta-Mercado, and D.H. Lynn Denitrification Techniques for Soils, C.F. Drury, D.D. Myrold, E.G. Beauchamp, and W.D.Reynolds Nitrification Techniques in Soil Systems, C.F. Drury, S.C. Hart, and X.M. Yang Substrate-Induced Respiration and Selective Inhibition as Measures of Microbial Biomass in Soils, V.L. Bailey, J.L. Smith, and H. Bolton Jr. Assessment of Soil Biological Activity, R.P.Beyaert and C.A. Fox Soil ATP, R.P. Voroney, G. Wen, and R.P. Beyaert Lipid-Based Community Analysis, K.E. Dunfield Bacterial Community Analyses by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), E. Topp, Y.-C. Tien, and A. Hartmann Indicators of Soil Food Web Properties, T.A. Forge and M. Tenuta SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ANALYSES, E.G. Gregorich and M.H. Beare Carbon Mineralization, D.W. Hopkins Mineralizable Nitrogen, Denis Curtin and C.A. Campbell Physically Uncomplexed Organic Matter, E.G. Gregorich and M.H. Beare Extraction and Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter, M.H. Chantigny, D.A. Angers, K. Kaiser, and K. Kalbitz Soil Microbial Biomass C, N, P and S, R.P. Voroney, P.C. Brookes, and R.P. Beyaert Carbohydrates, M.H. Chantigny and D.A. Angers Organic Forms of Nitrogen, D.C. Olk Soil Humus Fractions, D.W. Anderson and J.J Schoenau Soil Organic Matter Analysis by Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, M. J. Simpson and C. M. Preston Stable Isotopes in Soil and Environmental Research, B.H. Ellert and L. Rock SOIL PHYSICAL ANALYSES, D.A. Angers and F.J. Larney Particle Size Distribution, D. Kroetsch and C. Wang Soil Shrinkage, C.D. Grant Soil Density and Porosity, X. Hao, B.C. Ball, J.L.B. Culley, M.R. Carter, and G.W. Parkin Soil Consistency: Upper and Lower Plastic Limits, R.A. McBride Compaction and Compressibility, P. Defossez, T. Keller and G. Richard Field Soil Strength, G.C. Topp and D.R. Lapen Air Permeability, C.D. Grant and P.H. Groenevelt Aggregate Stability to Water, D.A. Angers, M.S. Bullock, and G.R. Mehuys Dry Aggregate Size Distribution, F.J. Larney Soil Air, R.E. Farrell and J.A. Elliott Soil-Surface Gas Emissions, P. Rochette and N. Bertrand Bulk Density Measurement in Forest Soils, D.G. Maynard and M.P. Curran Physical Properties of Organic Soils and Growing Media: Particle Size and Degree of Decomposition, L.E. Parent and J. Caron Physical Properties of Organic Soils and Growing Media: Water and Air Storage and Flow Dynamics, J. Caron, D.E. Elrick, J.C. Michel, and R. Naasz SOIL WATER ANALYSES, W.D. Reynolds and G.C. Topp Soil Water Analyses: Principles and Parameters, W.D. Reynolds and G.C. Topp Soil Water Content, G.C. Topp, G.W. Parkin, and Ty P.A Ferre Soil Water Potential, N.J. Livingston and G.C. Topp Soil Water Desorption and Imbibition: Tension and Pressure Techniques, W.D. Reynolds and G.C. Topp Soil Water Desorption and Imbibition: Long Column, W.D. Reynolds and G.C. Topp Soil Water Desorption and Imbibition: Psychrometry, W.D. Reynolds and G.C. Topp Saturated Hydraulic Properties: Laboratory Methods, W.D. Reynolds Saturated Hydraulic Properties: Well Permeameter, W.D. Reynolds Saturated Hydraulic Properties: Ring Infiltrometer, W.D. Reynolds Saturated Hydraulic Properties: Auger-Hole, G.C. Topp Saturated Hydraulic Properties: Piezometer, G.C. Topp Unsaturated Hydraulic Properties: Laboratory Tension Infiltrometer, F.J. Cook Unsaturated Hydraulic Properties: Laboratory Evaporation, O.O. B. Wendroth and N. Wypler Unsaturated Hydraulic Properties: Field Tension Infiltrometer, W.D. Reynolds Unsaturated Hydraulic Properties: Instantaneous Profile, W.D. Reynolds Estimation of Soil Hydraulic Properties, F.J. Cook and H.P. Cresswell Analysis of Soil Variability, B.C. Si, R.G. Kachanoski, and W.D. Reynolds APPENDIX Site Description, G.T. Patterson and J.A. Brierley General Safe Laboratory Operation Procedures, P. St-Georges INDEX

Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis

Scattered literature is harnessed to critically review the possible sources, chemistry, potential biohazards and best available remedial strategies for a number of heavy metals (lead, chromium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury and nickel) commonly found in contaminated soils. The principles, advantages and disadvantages of immobilization, soil washing and phytoremediation techniques which are frequently listed among the best demonstrated available technologies for cleaning up heavy metal contaminated sites are presented. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils is necessary to reduce the associated risks, make the land resource available for agricultural production, enhance food security and scale down land tenure problems arising from changes in the land use pattern.

/pdf/heavy-metals-in-contaminated-soils-a-review-of-sources-2f0ps3ifym.pdf

Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation

An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.

Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals

Metal sorption to diagenetic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides and associated organic matter: Narrowing the gap between field and laboratory measurements

As a result of complex physical, chemical and biological processes, a major fraction of the trace metals introduced into the aquatic environment is found associated with the bottom sediments, distributed among a variety of physico-chemical forms. As these different metal forms will generally exhibit different chemical reactivities, the measurement of the total concentration of a particular metal provides little indication of potential interactions with the abiotic or biotic components present in the environment. In principle, the partitioning of sediment-bound metals could be determined both by thermodynamic calculations (provided equilibrium conditions prevail) and by experimental techniques. The modelling of sediment-bound metals is far less advanced than is that of dissolved species, primarily because the thermodynamic data needed for handling sediment-interstitial water systems are not yet available. The partitioning of a metal among various fractions obtained by experimental techniques (e. g., sequential extraction procedures) is necessarily operationally defined. These methods have, however, provided significant insight into the physico-chemical factors influencing the bioavailability of particulate trace metals; some of these factors are discussed.

Partitioning of trace metals in sediments: Relationships with bioavailability

The partitioning of trace metals in sediments, as obtained with a sequential extraction procedure, may be affected by (i) the techniques used to preserve the sediments before analysis and (ii) the presence/absence of atmospheric oxygen during the extraction steps. No storage method tested completely preserved the initial chemical and physical characteristics of the sediments. Drying of the sediment (freeze-drying; oven-drying) should be avoided; acceptable preservation techniques include freezing or short-term wet storage (1-2/sup 0/C). Among the different metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn), copper, iron, and zinc were particularly sensitive to sample pretreatment. For anoxic sediments, the maintenance of oxygen-free conditions during the extractions is of critical importance.

André Tessier

Papers

Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals

Metal sorption to diagenetic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides and associated organic matter: Narrowing the gap between field and laboratory measurements

Partitioning of trace metals in sediments: Relationships with bioavailability

Potential artifacts in the determination of metal partitioning in sediments by a sequential extraction procedure

Interactions between arsenic and iron oxyhydroxides in lacustrine sediments