Mastitis is broadly defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland; however, the concept of mastitis is customized to address its social and clinical impact in the case of humans and the health, welfare, and economic consequences for other mammals. There are many microbial, host, and environmental factors that influence the development of mastitis. Some are common to all mammals as well as inherent to each species. Together these factors influence the most prevalent etiological agents for each species and might determine the possibility of interspecies transmission with its consequences to public health. The present review will summarize and compare reports on mastitis etiology and its epidemiology in humans and food animal species.

Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology.

Brucellosis in Brazil.

Clinical trials from the 1970s and 1980s have shown the efficacy, safety, and practicability of the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with clindamycin. Two reviews from the early 1990s have summarized these studies in detail ([24][1], [25][2]). Since then, interest in clindamycin as an

https://aac.asm.org/content/aac/46/8/2315.full.pdf

Clindamycin as an antimalarial drug: review of clinical trials.

Chapter 24 – Disease Problems of Chinchillas

A total of 1045 milk samples collected from infected and non infected quarters of 269 cows were investigated. This study showed that 4.7% of samples possessed cells of Prototheca spp. (10(6)cells/ml). The presence of other pathogenic microorganisms was also monitored. Prototheca spp. isolates were classified on the basis of current taxonomic guidelines and identified as P. zopfii. Susceptibility tests carried out in vitro by using 25 antibiotic compounds revealed that the strains of P. zopfii. were susceptible only to nystatin and amphotericin B (58 and 33% of total strains, respectively). The present study represents the first large-scale investigation carried out in Italy on the isolation of this achlorophyllous yeast-like microalga in milk samples produced by dairy herds.

First large-scale isolation of Prototheca zopfii from milk produced by dairy herds in Italy.

The ocurrence of canine brucellosis is described in a kennel from Uruguaiana city. Due to abortion registered at the kennel the suspected disease was brucellosis. The isolation of Bucella canis was realized by culturing the material collected from aborted fetuses, placenta and neonatos. The agar gel immunodiffusion test was used for sorological evaluation and showed that 72.7% (8/11) of the dogs were infected wifh the bacteria. The authors describe also the clinical signs, serological findings and also the isolation of the Brucella canis.

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Brucelose canina: relato de caso

The isolation of Prothoteca zopfii, an algae lacking chlorophyll, from bovine mastitic milk, is described herein. The isolation was performed on 8% sheep blood agar, following incubation at 37 °C for 48 h. Based on biochemical tests, susceptibility to clotrimazole, and light and electron microscopic observation of cellular morphology the algae was identified as P. zopfii . The affected animal did not improve following treatment and had to be eliminated.

Isolation of Prothoteca zopfii from a case of bovine mastitis in Brazil

SUMMARY This report describes a case of infection for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and outbreaks caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica in chinchila farms from the region of Santa Maria, Southern Brazil. The affected animals presented apathy, anorexia, respiratory impairment and nasal secretion. The isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was carried out through the culture of samples of lung whereas Bordetella bronchiseptica was obtained from lung, liver and swab of traqueal secretion. In this report, the clinical data and the pathological findings as well as the isolation and identification of these agents are described.

Relato de casos

Epidemiological aspects about Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) at six horse-breeding farms from Bage county, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were analysed. Soil samples (36) and equine feces (143) were collected. The objective was to verify the presence of R. equi in those samples. Six soil samples were also used for pH and organic matter (OM) determination. R. equi identification was based on equi factor search and morfological, tintorial and biochemistry behavior. All the horse-breeding farms had the R. equi present in soil and feces samples. Soil yielded 75.00% (27/36) positive samples and 66.43% (95/143) of equine feces were positive. The results obtained for pH and OM from the soil had no correlation with the isolation of R. equi from soil samples of the different horse-breeding farms.

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Aspectos epidemiológicos do Rhodococcus equi em eqüinos do Município de Bagé, RS, Brasil

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and to perform the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the Staphylococcus spp. isolates from mastitis cases in cattle (n=30) and buffaloes (n=30). The susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs was performed by disk diffusion test and the presence of efflux pump was evaluated in Mueller Hinton (MH) Agar supplemented with ethidium bromide as well as by detection of msrA gene. Similarly, the PCR technique was done to detect mecA, blaZ and ermA, B e C genes, that were related after with the presence of antimicrobial resistance in disk diffusion test. The formation of biofilm was characterized using Congo Red Agar (CRA), microplate adherence and detection of icaD gene. Staphylococcus spp. isolates shown high antimicrobial susceptibility in disk diffusion test. The multidrug resistance (MDR) rate ranged from 0 and 0,5. In the efflux pump test, 26.7% of Staphylococcus spp. strains were positive in phenotypic method and 6.7% in PCR for msrA gene. The erm, mecA and blaZ genes were detected in 1.7%, 6.7% and 11.7% of Staphylococcus spp. strains respectively. In biofilm production tests, 23.3% of the samples were positive in CRA, 50% in microplate adherence test and 8.3% in icaD gene PCR. The cattle isolates were less sensitive to antimicrobial drugs when compared to the buffaloes ones. The characterization of these isolates is very important to guide a successful antimicrobial therapy. The biofilm presence in the isolates may be associated with other factors besides antimicrobial resistance.

/pdf/caracterizacao-fenotipica-producao-de-biofilme-e-resistencia-51lrg6tiwr.pdf

Caracterização fenotípica, produção de biofilme e resistência aos antimicrobianos em isolados de Staphylococcus spp. obtidos de casos de mastite em bovinos e bubalinos

Andrea Maria Lazzari

Papers

Brucelose canina: relato de caso

Isolation of Prothoteca zopfii from a case of bovine mastitis in Brazil

Relato de casos

Aspectos epidemiológicos do Rhodococcus equi em eqüinos do Município de Bagé, RS, Brasil

Caracterização fenotípica, produção de biofilme e resistência aos antimicrobianos em isolados de Staphylococcus spp. obtidos de casos de mastite em bovinos e bubalinos