A wide variety of media can be used in learning, including distance learning, such as print, lectures, conference sections, tutors, pictures, video, sound, and computers. Any one instance of distance learning will make choices among these media, perhaps using several.

Multimedia in Learning

Adaptation-level theory.

Rapidly increasing global competition, emergence of new markets, and technological advancements make today’s marketplace a highly dynamic and challenging environment for companies. Effective marketing is therefore crucial for organizations to survive and prosper in such an environment. Marketing is the process through which organizations develop and distribute products and services that satisfy the needs of customers. Customer satisfaction is critical to the profitable operations and growth of organizations and, as such, an integral component of modern-day marketing.

고객과 지식 Marketing

Digital transformation during a lockdown.

Computer-simulated scenarios have been part of psychological research on problem solving for more than 40 years. The shift in emphasis from simple toy problems to complex, more real-life oriented problems has been accompanied by discussions about the best ways to assess the process of solving complex problems. Psychometric issues such as reliable assessments and addressing correlations with other instruments have been in the foreground of these discussions and have left the content validity of complex problem solving in the background. In this paper, we return the focus to content issues and address the important features that define complex problems.

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Complex Problem Solving: What It Is and What It Is Not.

The Phenomenon of VUCA and Complexity.- Perspectives on a VUCA World.- Simple More Complex: A System Approach to VUCA.- Leadership, Strategy and Planning.- Program Management in VUCA Environments: Theoretical and Pragmatical Thoughts on a Systemic Management of Projects and Programs.- Keeping the Flow: Creating Opportunities Based on Well Structured Collaboration.- Risk Management in a UVA World: Practical Guidelines Based on the Example of a Multinational Retail Group.- Marketing & Communication.- Measures to Understand and Control Customer Relationship and Loyalty.- Pricing in a VUCA World: How to Optimize Prices, if the Economic, Social and Legal Framework Changes Rapidly.- Corporate Communication in a VUCA Environment.- Operations and Cost Management.- Addressing Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity (VUCA) Through Insourcing and Backshoring.- A Framework for Operational Agility: How SMES Are Evaluating Their Supply Chain Integration.- Mittelstand and Decision-Oriented Controlling.- Sustaining Reductions in Aircraft Emissions for Canada's Major Airlines.- Organization and Culture.- Organizational Approaches to Answer a VUCA World.- Environment al Justice in a VUCA World.- IT, Technology and Data Management.- The Uncertainty of Information Systems: Cause or Effect of VUCA?.- Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity in Higher Education.

Managing in a VUCA world

There is a significant rise in the use of videos. More and more people use videos not only as a source of information but also as learning tool. This article explores the future potential of explainer videos, a format that conveys complex facts to a target group within a very short time. The findings are based on an empirical study representative for the German and U.S. population (18+ years). In the first step, the status quo of the use of e-learning in general and explainer videos in particular is presented. Subsequently, the effectiveness and efficiency of five different explainer video formats are analyzed using an experimental test design for one topic (US presidential election). On one hand, all formats reach a favorable evaluation based on the perception of the respondents, with only a few differences between test groups. On the other hand, significant differences occur in terms of relative improvements in knowledge level as well as input/output-ratios. Thirdly, expectations of potential users regarding the design of explainer videos are determined.

https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jel/article/download/64096/35123

How Do Consumers Evaluate Explainer Videos? An Empirical Study on the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Different Explainer Video Formats

The digitization of the economy leads to significant changes in the way companies determine their prices. Technological changes (availability of the Internet, digitization of production, product innovations) basically influence the corporate environment, since the basis for pricing can be improved. Companies can collect and analyze more relevant information and hence optimize their prices. However, these causes accelerate competitive reactions. On the one hand, consumer behavior changes (more information is available online, search engines and price robots help to find best offers); on the other hand, market structures become fragile (market entry barriers for new competitors are lowered, traditional products are cannibalized by digital products). Due to these factors, the pricing strategy must undergo a complete rethink. In addition, this has consequences for the types of pricing models applied in the digital age. In this context, this paper focuses on four pricing models. Firstly, the digitization makes it possible to offer products and services for free to the consumer (Facebook and Google are particularly profitable examples), while at the same time other sources of revenue streams (here: advertising revenue) are generated. Secondly, freemium models are especially popular with start-ups, which are also free of charge for a basic service, but for upgraded services (full range of features, no ads), users pay a fee. LinkedIn, Dropbox, and Spotify are prominent examples of this pricing model. Thirdly, subscription models have a strong boost. Since production costs drop when new business models are based on digitization, subscription models (like Netflix)—which have a long tradition—become more attractive, nowadays. Fourthly, pricing models with flexible prices, which are dependent on demand and customer profile, will be discussed. Dynamic pricing has a growing importance in online trading, but is also being applied more frequently in retail stores.

How Digital Disruption Changes Pricing Strategies and Price Models

The first part of this paper describes the characteristics of price wars, pointing to recent examples that have caused a stir among the public as well as in the respective industries. A new, concise definition of the term price war is suggested. In the second part drivers for price wars are discussed and explained based on behavioral economics (understanding the competitor’s strategy as well as a company’s own cost situation). Particularly in industries that are characterized by a high proportion of costs that are unchangeable in the medium-term and low variable costs there is a substantial risk for unintended price competition possibly ending in a price war. Even slight price reductions can have fatal consequences when decision makers mistakenly estimate the price elasticities too high. In the third part a case study of a price war is presented by focusing on the market of long-distance bus journeys in Germany. Since the market for intercity bus connections was liberalized in 2013, the newly created market segment faces a very strong growth and intensive competition. Using a multi-source-multi-method-approach it is shown how the market entry of UK-based company Megabus affected price levels for bus journeys und initiated competitive reactions of the German railway operator Deutsche Bahn. The interaction of various parameters (low barriers to enter the market; high similarity of products/services; fixation on market share and capacity utilization) leads to a ruinous price competition and leaves few chances for a sustainable profitability. Measures to avoid an impending or to terminate an ongoing price war are presented.

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A Small Step from Price Competition to Price War: Understanding Causes, Effects and Possible Countermeasures

Typically, three parameters (cost, competitors and customers) are seen as pivotal, when determining the optimal price for a product. While a focus on the cost of production leads to a cost-plus pricing and a focus on competition leads to a price matching, a value-based pricing is derived from the customer perspective.

Andreas Krämer

Papers

Managing in a VUCA world

How Do Consumers Evaluate Explainer Videos? An Empirical Study on the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Different Explainer Video Formats

How Digital Disruption Changes Pricing Strategies and Price Models

A Small Step from Price Competition to Price War: Understanding Causes, Effects and Possible Countermeasures

Pricing in a VUCA World: How to Optimize Prices, if the Economic, Social and Legal Framework Changes Rapidly