Established in 2006, TATA Africa Services (Nigeria) Limited operates as the nodal point for Tata businesses in West Africa. TATA Africa Services (Nigeria) Limited has a strong presence in Nigeria with investments exceeding USD 10 million. The company was established in Lagos, Nigeria as a subsidiary of TATA Africa Holdings (SA) (Pty) Limited, South Africa and serves as the hub of Tata’s operations in Nigeria and the rest of West Africa.

What About Us

Questions about norm diffusion in world politics are not simply about whether and how ideas matter, but also which and whose ideas matter. Constructivist scholarship on norms tends to focus on “hard” cases of moral transformation in which “good” global norms prevail over the “bad” local beliefs and practices. But many local beliefs are themselves part of a legitimate normative order, which conditions the acceptance of foreign norms. Going beyond an existential notion of congruence, this article proposes a dynamic explanation of norm diffusion that describes how local agents reconstruct foreign norms to ensure the norms fit with the agents' cognitive priors and identities. Congruence building thus becomes key to acceptance. Localization, not wholesale acceptance or rejection, settles most cases of normative contestation. Comparing the impact of two transnational norms on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), this article shows that the variation in the norms' acceptance, indicated by the changes they produced in the goals and institutional apparatuses of the regional group, could be explained by the differential ability of local agents to reconstruct the norms to ensure a better fit with prior local norms, and the potential of the localized norm to enhance the appeal of some of their prior beliefs and institutions.I thank Peter Katzenstein, Jack Snyder, Chris Reus-Smit, Brian Job, Paul Evans, Iain Johnston, David Capie, Helen Nesadurai, Jeffrey Checkel, Kwa Chong Guan, Khong Yuen Foong, Anthony Milner, John Hobson, Etel Solingen, Michael Barnett, Richard Price, Martha Finnemore, and Frank Schimmelfennig for their comments on various earlier drafts of the article. This article is a revised version of a draft prepared for the American Political Science Association annual convention, San Francisco, 29 August–2 September 2001. Seminars on the article were offered at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, in April 2001; the Modern Asia Seminar Series at Harvard University's Asia Center, in May 2001; the Department of International Relations, Australian National University, in September 2001; and the Institute of International Relations, University of British Columbia, in April 2002. I thank these institutions for their lively seminars offering invaluable feedback. I gratefully acknowledge valuable research assistance provided by Tan Ban Seng, Deborah Lee, and Karyn Wang at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies. I am also grateful to Harvard University Asia Centre and the Kennedy School's Asia Pacific Policy Program for fellowships to facilitate my research during 2000–2001.

http://www.rochelleterman.com/ir/sites/default/files/acharya%202004.pdf

How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism

http://www.columbia.edu/~kp2022/Articles/8)%20EER%202003.pdf

Economic development, legality, and the transplant effect

1. Introduction 2. How long should constitutions endure? 3. Conceptualizing constitutions 4. A positive theory of constitutional endurance 5. Empirical implications of the theory: identifying risks to constitutional life 6. An epidemiological analysis of constitutional mortality 7. Contrasts in constitutional endurance 8. Contexts of chronic failure 9. Conclusion.

/pdf/the-endurance-of-national-constitutions-492g3mhmwv.pdf

The Endurance of National Constitutions

This paper analyzes the determinants of effective legal institutions (legality) and their impact on economic development today using data from 49 countries. We show that the way the law was initially transplanted and received is a more important determinant than the supply of law from a particular legal family (i.e. English, French, German, or Scandinavian). Countries that have developed legal orders internally, adapted the transplanted law to local conditions, and/or had a population that was already familiar with basic legal principles of the transplanted law have more effective legality than "transplant effect" countries that received foreign law without any similar pre-dispositions. Controlling for the supply of legal families, we find that legality is roughly one third lower in transplant effect countries. While the transplant effect has no direct impact on economic development, it has a strong indirect effect via its impact on legality. The strong path dependence between economic development, legality and the transplant effect helps explain why legal technical assistance projects that focus primarily on improving the laws on the books frequently have so little impact. Finally, our statistical methodology produces a legality index based on observed legality proxies that almost fully captures their interaction with the way in which the law was transplanted, the supply of particular legal families and economic development.

/pdf/economic-development-legality-and-the-transplant-effect-479er1vdhn.pdf

Economic Development, Legality and the Transplant Effect

This book aims to give a comprehensive picture of law, government and the constitution in Malaysia, and to set constitutional developments in their proper political and social context. It is written in such a way that lawyers may see how perspectives other than the purely legal can enrich the understanding of constitutional issues in Malaysia and that others may comprehend the lawyer's perspective on these issues. There has been an increasing interest in constitutional issues in Malaysia since the mid-1980s following a number of important events, including the advent of judicial activism and the curtailment of royal powers. There is now a pressing need for a reappraisal of the Malaysian constitution in terms of its political and social dimensions and dynamics, and the extent of its adherence to, or its interpretation of, those principles which are collectively known as `constitutionalism', that is, democratic government, the rule of law, the separation of powers, and the observance of fundamental human rights and liberties. The book examines how the constitution has adjusted to its environment, how it actually operates and how its abstractions differ from reality. The author concludes that the principles of the constitution have been eroded to such a degree that a new constitutional settlement is needed - one which makes it clear what the basic tenets of the Malaysian polity are.

Law, Government and the Constitution in Malaysia

A concise legal history of South-East Asia

The relationship between the global and the local is one of critical importance to all regions of the world. In the resolution of the tension between the irresistible surge of globalisation and the undeniable facts of society as it actually exists in the various localities which together comprise the very world which is presumably the object or the subject-matter of globalisation, law lies at the forefront. It is, one might say, the very intellectual battlefield which we have selected for the resolution of the major problem facing human society at the turn of the century. The purpose of this article is therefore to investigate, in a somewhat narrative fashion the relationship between the global and the local in the context of law in South East Asia. The topic is clearly too large to be dealt with in a short space with the rigour and articulation it really deserves, but it is hoped that the approach adopted will provide some kind of a frame of reference for regarding, studying, and hopefully improving, the law in the South East Asian region; and will perhaps focus a pencil of light on the problems of the global and the local in this particular regional context.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0020589300065878

Global Doctrine and Local Knowledge: Law in South East Asia

List of contributors Preface 1. New Courts in the Asia-Pacific Region: Law, Development and Judicialization - Andrew Harding and Pip Nicholson PART I: Introducing Economic Courts in Asia 2. Legitimacy and the Vietnamese Economic Courts - Pip Nicholson with Minh Duong 3. Reading the Tea Leaves in the Indonesian Commercial Court: A Cautionary Tale, But for Whom? - David K. Linnan PART II: Introducing Intellectual Property Courts in Asia 4. The Intellectual Property High Court of Japan - Shigenori Matsui 5. Specialized Intellectual Property Courts in the People's Republic of China: Myth or Reality? - Connie Carter PART III: Constructing Constitutional Courts 6. A Turbulent Innovation: the Constitutional Court of Thailand, 1998--2006 - Andrew Harding 7. The Constitutional Court and the Judicialization of Korean Politics - Tom Ginsburg 8. Institutional Choice and The New Indonesian Constitutional Court - Hendrianto 9. The Indonesian Human Rights Court - Mark Cammack PART IV: Assembling Administrative Courts 10. 'Shopping Forums': Indonesia's Administrative Courts - Adriaan Bedner 11. The Genealogy of the Administrative Courts and the Consolidation of Administrative Justice in Thailand - Peter Leyland 12. Compromising Courts and Harmonizing Ideologies: Mediation in the Administrative Chambers of the People's Courts of the People's Republic of China - Michael Palmer PART V: Analysing Anti-Graft Courts 13. The Politics of Indonesia's Anti-Corruption Court - Benjamin H. Tahyar 14. The Philippines' Sandiganbayan: Anti-Graft Courts and the Illusion of Self-Contained Anti-Corruption Regimes - Raul C. Pangalangan PART VI: Setting up Special Courts 15. Malaysian Royalty and the Special Court - H. P. Lee 16. Informed by Ideology: A Review of the Court Reforms in Brunei Darussalam - Ann Black 17. Courts in Xinjiang: Institutional Capacity in China's Periphery - Pitman B. Potter Part VII: Juries, Regulation and Renovation in Japanese Courts 18. Japan's New Criminal Trials: Origins, Operations and Implications - Kent Anderson and David T. Johnson 19. Dollars to Donuts: Japanese Courts and Corporate Accountability - Veronica L. Taylor Index

New Courts in Asia

THE year 1988 witnessed some remarkable events in Malaysia. Not only was the ruling party held by a High Court judge to be an illegal society, but this event led indirectly to executive interference with the judiciary resulting in the removal of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, the country's most senior judge, and two other judges of the Supreme Court. Put shortly the problem is not an unfamiliar one in the Commonwealth countries of Asia and Africa. A judiciary in the process of flexing its muscles and exercising the independence vouchsafed to it by the constitution incurred the anger of an executive which took a very different view from the judiciary of the nature of the separation of powers under the constitution. The particular form this familiar story took is, however, of great interest because it brings together a number of extraordinary factors, political, legal and cultural, and reveals much about the difficulties which face judges in the rapidly industrialising countries of Asia.

Andrew Harding

Papers

Law, Government and the Constitution in Malaysia

A concise legal history of South-East Asia

Global Doctrine and Local Knowledge: Law in South East Asia

New Courts in Asia

The 1988 Constitutional Crisis in Malaysia