生活習慣病とgenome-wide association study

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Beck Depression Inventory-IIについての一考察

There are two kinds of tutorial articles: those that provide a primer on an established topic and those that let us in on the ground floor of something of emerging importance. The first type of tutorial can have a noted expert who has been gracious (and brave) enough to write a field guide about a particular topic. The other sort of tutorial typically involves researchers who have each been laboring on a topic for some years. Both sorts of tutorial articles are very much desired. But we, as an editorial board for both Systems and Transactions, know that there has been no logical place for them in the AESS until this series was started several years ago. With these tutorials, we hope to continue to give them a home, a welcome, and provide a service to our membership. We do not intend to publish tutorials on a regular basis, but we hope to deliver them once or twice per year. We need and welcome good, useful tutorial articles (both kinds) in relevant AESS areas. If you, the reader, can offer a topic of interest and an author to write about it, please contact us. Self-nominations are welcome, and even more ideal is a suggestion of an article that the editor(s) can solicit. All articles will be reviewed in detail. Criteria on which they will be judged include their clarity of presentation, relevance, and likely audience, and, of course, their correctness and scientific merit. As to the mathematical level, the articles in this issue are a good guide: in each case the author has striven to explain complicated topics in simple-well, tutorial-terms. There should be no (or very little) novel material: the home for archival science is the Transactions Magazine, and submissions that need to be properly peer reviewed would be rerouted there. Likewise, articles that are interesting and descriptive, but lack significant tutorial content, ought more properly be submitted to the Systems Magazine.

What is a tutorial

Retinopathy of prematurity

The autonomic nervous system.

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) signal environmental light level to the central circadian clock and contribute to the pupil light reflex. It is unknown if ipRGC activity is subject to extrinsic (central) or intrinsic (retinal) network-mediated circadian modulation during light entrainment and phase shifting. Eleven younger persons (18–30 years) with no ophthalmological, medical or sleep disorders participated. The activity of the inner (ipRGC) and outer retina (cone photoreceptors) was assessed hourly using the pupil light reflex during a 24 h period of constant environmental illumination (10 lux). Exogenous circadian cues of activity, sleep, posture, caffeine, ambient temperature, caloric intake and ambient illumination were controlled. Dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) was determined from salivary melatonin assay at hourly intervals, and participant melatonin onset values were set to 14 h to adjust clock time to circadian time. Here we demonstrate in humans that the ipRGC controlled post-illumination pupil response has a circadian rhythm independent of external light cues. This circadian variation precedes melatonin onset and the minimum ipRGC driven pupil response occurs post melatonin onset. Outer retinal photoreceptor contributions to the inner retinal ipRGC driven post-illumination pupil response also show circadian variation whereas direct outer retinal cone inputs to the pupil light reflex do not, indicating that intrinsically photosensitive (melanopsin) retinal ganglion cells mediate this circadian variation.

/pdf/the-circadian-response-of-intrinsically-photosensitive-3wyg6nxzqm.pdf

The Circadian Response of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells

This article is free to read on the publisher's website Purpose.: To determine whether glaucoma alters intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) function. Methods.: Forty-one patients (25 with glaucoma and 16 healthy age-matched control participants) were tested. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell function was directly measured by the sustained, postillumination pupil response (PIPR). Forty-one eyes of 41 participants were tested with 7°, 10-second, short-wavelength (488 nm; bluish) and long-wavelength (610 nm; reddish) stimuli (14.2 log photons · cm−2 · s−1) presented to the right eye in Maxwellian view, and the consensual pupil response of the left eye was measured by infrared pupillometry. The difference between PIPR amplitude (percentage baseline pupil diameter), net PIPR (percentage change) and kinetics (time in mm · s−1 to the PIPR plateau) for the blue and red stimuli in patients with early and advanced (moderate/severe) glaucoma was compared to that in age-matched control participants. Results.: The blue PIPR was significantly smaller between normal participants and patients with advanced glaucoma, as well as between those with early and those with advanced glaucoma (P l 0.05). The kinetics of the red and blue PIPRs were not significantly different between any groups. Normal age-matched participants and patients with early-stage glaucoma were not significantly different on any parameter, and neither was the normal and glaucoma group (advanced and early combined). Conclusions.: Persons with moderate and severe glaucoma have a dysfunctional ipRGC-mediated PIPR. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell function measured directly with the PIPR may become a clinical indicator of progressive changes in glaucoma.

/pdf/intrinsically-photosensitive-melanopsin-retinal-ganglion-43upu6yama.pdf

Intrinsically photosensitive (melanopsin) retinal ganglion cell function in glaucoma.

This article is free to read on the publisher's website Purpose :
 To determine whether glaucoma alters intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) function Methods :
 Forty-one patients (25 with glaucoma and 16 healthy age-matched control participants) were tested Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell function was directly measured by the sustained, postillumination pupil response (PIPR) Forty-one eyes of 41 participants were tested with 7°, 10-second, short-wavelength (488 nm; bluish) and long-wavelength (610 nm; reddish) stimuli (142 log photons · cm −2 · s −1 ) presented to the right eye in Maxwellian view, and the consensual pupil response of the left eye was measured by infrared pupillometry The difference between PIPR amplitude (percentage baseline pupil diameter), net PIPR (percentage change) and kinetics (time in mm · s −1 to the PIPR plateau) for the blue and red stimuli in patients with early and advanced (moderate/severe) glaucoma was compared to that in age-matched control participants Results :
 The blue PIPR was significantly smaller between normal participants and patients with advanced glaucoma, as well as between those with early and those with advanced glaucoma ( P Conclusions :
 Persons with moderate and severe glaucoma have a dysfunctional ipRGC-mediated PIPR Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell function measured directly with the PIPR may become a clinical indicator of progressive changes in glaucoma

Intrinsically photosensitive (Melanopsin) retinal ganglion cell function in glaucoma

Recently discovered intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin retinal ganglion cells contribute to the maintenance of pupil diameter, recovery and post-illumination components of the pupillary light reflex and provide the primary environmental light input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus for photoentrainment of the circadian rhythm. This review summarises recent progress in understanding intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cell histology and physiological properties in the context of their contribution to the pupillary and circadian functions and introduces a clinical framework for using the pupillary light reflex to evaluate inner retinal (intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin ganglion cell) and outer retinal (rod and cone photoreceptor) function in the detection of retinal eye disease.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00479.x

Intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin retinal ganglion cell contributions to the pupillary light reflex and circadian rhythm.

Purpose The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) has been quantified using four metrics, but the spectral sensitivity of only one is known; here we determine the other three. To optimize the human PIPR measurement, we determine the protocol producing the largest PIPR, the duration of the PIPR, and the metric(s) with the lowest coefficient of variation. Methods The consensual pupil light reflex (PLR) was measured with a Maxwellian view pupillometer. - Experiment 1: Spectral sensitivity of four PIPR metrics [plateau, 6 s, area under curve (AUC) early and late recovery] was determined from a criterion PIPR to a 1s pulse and fitted with Vitamin A1 nomogram (λmax = 482nm). - Experiment 2: The PLR was measured as a function of three stimulus durations (1s, 10s, 30s), five irradiances spanning low to high melanopsin excitation levels (retinal irradiance: 9.8 to 14.8 log quanta.cm-2.s-1), and two wavelengths, one with high (465nm) and one with low (637nm) melanopsin excitation. Intra and inter-individual coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated. Results The melanopsin (opn4) photopigment nomogram adequately describes the spectral sensitivity of all four PIPR metrics. The PIPR amplitude was largest with 1s short wavelength pulses (≥ 12.8 log quanta.cm-2.s-1). The plateau and 6s PIPR showed the least intra and inter-individual CV (≤ 0.2). The maximum duration of the sustained PIPR was 83.0±48.0s (mean±SD) for 1s pulses and 180.1±106.2s for 30s pulses (465nm; 14.8 log quanta.cm-2.s-1). Conclusions All current PIPR metrics provide a direct measure of the intrinsic melanopsin photoresponse. To measure progressive changes in melanopsin function in disease, we recommend that the PIPR be measured using short duration pulses (e.g., ≤ 1s) with high melanopsin excitation and analyzed with plateau and/or 6s metrics. Our PIPR duration data provide a baseline for the selection of inter-stimulus intervals between consecutive pupil testing sequences.

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Andrew J. Zele

Papers

The Circadian Response of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells

Intrinsically photosensitive (melanopsin) retinal ganglion cell function in glaucoma.

Intrinsically photosensitive (Melanopsin) retinal ganglion cell function in glaucoma

Intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin retinal ganglion cell contributions to the pupillary light reflex and circadian rhythm.

The Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR).