Academic freedom and freedom of expression are threatened by the corporatised university. As neoliberal policies embed themselves in all aspects of public (if not private) life, freedom of expression and academic freedom are being degraded and denigrated in the university, in the popular press, in the law, and in public life. The influence of intellectual property rights and proprietary claims surrounding patents are muzzling freedom of thought by corporate interests. Universities and the freedom of academic researchers to explore their fields have become casualties on this neoliberal battlefield. This political economy seeks to expose the free market contagion involved with patents, intellectual property, and the university in our postmodern neoliberal era. This is an era that proclaims itself as a new normal: this argument aspires to advance a patently problematic discourse to counter this brave new world and the intellectual pyscho-pharmacology and ideology of neoliberalism.

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'Pyrates' of the Lyceum: Big Pharma, Patents, and Academic Freedom in Neoliberal Times

Environmental deterioration continues despite availability of policies and technologies
that could reduce damage. Given the scale of human activity this creates a risk of
environmental crisis. This thesis argues for revision of the dominant paradigm that
provides the default assumptions used for theoretical and policy analysis that affects longterm
economic and environmental outcomes. The paradigm extensions proposed include
an environment that can be damaged by human activity, individuals with diverse beliefs
and values, and an argument that the Earth is not yet in the industrial era but rather
nearing the end of the transition to the industrial era. The proposed revised paradigm can
be used to develop a theoretically sound strategy to reduce the risk of environmental
crisis. The ideas-based strategy requires individuals to influence the beliefs and values of
others to build support for government regulation and to establish norms to constrain
damaging activity. The thesis argues that the paradigms and theories chosen by
economists and other theorists are important influencers of economic and environmental
outcomes.

Choosing your future : the role of ideas in managing trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives

Civilization is a characteristic of people; it is one of the things that set human beings apart from other species.i While it is true
that all living things form societies, it is only human beings who have a civilization. A civilization provides man with numerous
basic needs and wants. One of the aims of this paper is to expound these needs and wants. They are classified as follows: (a)
physical and material (economic) needs, such as shelter, food, clothing and tools, (b) spiritual and psychic (religious) needs,
such as a worldview, (c) intellectual needs, (d) gregarious (social) needs, such as companionship and interrelationships between
people, (e) military,ii (f) technological needs, and (g) cultural needs. Another aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the
following: firstly, history of civilization; secondly, a description of civilized vs. pre-civilized communities, simple civilizations vs.
advanced civilizations; thirdly, an outline of the key components that make up a civilization; and fourthly, an explanation of the
reasons for the invention of civilization. The study argues that: firstly, civilization is vital to man’s living. Without it solidarity,
cooperation and fraternity among people of different nations cannot be achieved; secondly, every civilization, regardless of its
size and lifespan, has contributed tremendously to other civilizations. Hence, the reason for describing civilizations should not
be to show the superiority of a particular race or ethnicity over other races or ethnicities but to show how the different nations
have contributed to the development of other nations. It is expected that this study will contribute to the understanding of the
importance of civilization, its history, description, elements and characteristics.

Civilization: history, description, common characteristics and importance

Rational concept of NIEbounded rationality developed by Herbert Simon is a synthesis of the theory of rationale choice of Neo-classic "utility maximization" and "self-interest" and rational concept based on habits and routines developed by Thorstein Veblen; old institutional economics. The concept of bounded rationality describes the rationale to choose is formed by two human bounds called the bound of absorptive information and the cognition in the middle of social life complexity. In the context of shariah banking, even though the majority of population of indonesia is a moeslem but the shariah banking development is not optimal compared to conventional banking, however, this paper emphasized on the obstacles of choosing the transaction of shariah banking from NIE perspective

Rasionalitas Memilih Transaksi dengan Bank Syariah (Perspektif Teori Bounded Rationality)

What part of [dK/dL]/{(ykl-pbh*htb s3.mny)}>(n/mtw) (jkl/ptf);nzk-t] don't you understand? For too many economics students and researchers, this question is not a funny joke. Reviewing, reading, understanding and moreover, writing and publishing theoretical or empirical models in economics, especially as required by leading economics journals, is an extremely high challenge. The language is very technical, the required methodology is on the high end of mathematical understanding in terms of propositions, lemmas, theorems and proves and the terminology is clearly non-intuitive. Do we invest enough time and efforts to simplify and train our students to these highly mathematical, modeling and scientific requirements? Do we prepare them to the top research academic career? While developing methods for teaching economics in a more accessible, intuitive and approachable way, and unlike in fields such as engineering and science, there seems to be too little emphasis on establishing background of advanced mathematics in economics. Campbell (2012) argues that even if students often complain that economics education has become too mathematical and they want to learn economics and not mathematics, we are failing them by not providing them the opportunity to develop mathematical ability while earning their degree, and we should embrace educational methods that genuinely develop strong mathematical and statistical skills in our students.

Do We Teach the Wrong Thing? The Impact of Mathematical and Scientific Background on Economics Success

"Economics as a Social Science" is a highly readable critique of economic theory, based on a wide range of research, that endeavors to restore economics to its proper role as a social science. Contrary to conventional economic theory, which assumes that people have no free will, this book instead bases economics on the realistic assumption that human beings can choose; that we are complex beings affected by emotion, custom, habit, and reason; and that our behavior varies with circumstances and times. It embraces the findings of history, psychology, and other social sciences and the insights from great literature on human behavior as opposed to the rigidity set by mathematical axioms that define how economics is understood and practiced today.Andrew M. Kamarck demonstrates that only rough accuracy is attainable in economic measurement, and that understanding an economy requires knowledge from other disciplines. The canonical hypotheses of economics (perfect rationality, self-interest, equilibrium) are shown to be inadequate (and in the case of "equilibrium" to be counterproductive to understanding the forces that dominate the economy), and more satisfactory assumptions provided. The market is shown to work imperfectly and to require appropriate institutions to perform its function reasonably well. Further, Kamarck argues that self-interest does not always lead to helping the general interest."Economics as a Social Science" examines and revises the fundamental assumptions of economics. Because it avoids jargon and explains terms carefully, it will be of interest to economics majors as well as to graduate students of economics and other social sciences, and social scientists working in government and the private sector.Andrew M. Kamarck is former Director, Economic Development Institute, the World Bank.

Andrew M. Kamarck

Papers

Economics as a Social Science: An Approach to Nonautistic Theory