Gang membership has long been understood to have a disruptive influence on adolescent development and to contribute disproportionately to the rate of delinquent crime. The nature of the impact, and the long-term effects on individuals, have not been well understood. This book uses longitudinal data to examine the developmental consequences of gang membership, and its longer term influence on the life course. This longitudinal approach is made possible by data from a study of antisocial behavior, The Rochester Youth Development Study, which followed one thousand adolescents through their early adult years. The subjects include delinquents who were gang members and others who were not, allowing the authors to compare motives, patterns of behavior, and recurring problems with caregivers and the law, education, peer relations, and career paths. The findings indicate that multiple developmental deficits lead to gang membership and that membership leads to an increase in delinquency.

https://bilder.buecher.de/zusatz/29/29337/29337606_lese_1.pdf

Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective

Urban Livelihoods and Food Nutrition Security in Greater Accra, Ghana

A 1981 national survey of women's drinking interviewed 917 women in the general population, stratified on the basis of screening interviews to include 500 moderate-to-heavy drinkers. The survey found no evidence of any major recent increase in women's drinking, and no evidence of unusually heavy drinking among working wives. Adverse drinking consequences and episodes of extreme drinking were most common among women aged 21-34; women who were unmarried, divorced or separated, or cohabiting; and women with frequent drinkers as spouses or companions. Alcohol-related behavior problems and symptoms of alcohol dependence were closely related to levels of alcohol consumption. Among women averaging one ounce or more of ethanol per day, 45 per cent had driven while intoxicated in the past year, and 36 per cent reported memory lapses while drinking. Women at this consumption level were also more likely to report experiences with depression (61 per cent). Women with extremely high consumption levels were more likely...

Women's drinking and drinking problems: patterns from a 1981 national survey.

In the mid-nineteenth century, almost 70 percent of persons age 65 or older resided with their adult children; by the end of the twentieth century, fewer than 15 percent did so. Many scholars have argued that the simplification of the living arrangements of the aged resulted primarily from an increase in their resources, which enabled increasing numbers of elders to afford independent living. This article supports a different interpretation: the evidence suggests that the decline of coresidence between generations had less to do with the growing affluence of the aged than with the increasing opportunities of the younger generation. Using data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), I examine long-run trends in the characteristics of both the older and the younger generations to gain insight into changing motivations for coresidence. In particular, I investigate headship patterns, occupational status, income, and spatial coresidence patterns. I also reassess the potential impact of the Social Security program. I conclude that the decline of intergenerational coresidence resulted mainly from increasing opportunities for the young and declining parental control over their children.

The Decline of Intergenerational Coresidence in the United States, 1850 to 2000:

A dual taxonomy is presented to reconcile robust but incongruous facts about age and antisocial behavior: (1) antisocial behavior shows impressive continuity over time, but (2) the prevalence of antisocial behavior changes dramatically over age, increasing almost tenfold temporarily during adolescence. No previous theory has assimilated both observations. This article suggests that “delinquency” conceals two qualitatively distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: 

1

a small group engages in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every life stage, whereas




2

a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence.

Natural Histories of Delinquency

This study empirically tests several hypotheses derived from the social network perspective on marijuana use. In so doing, it demonstrates the importance of friendship networks as agents which affect drug taking. The results indicate that the normative expectations of one' friends are important influences on the individual. Other hypotheses that predict sex differences in marijuana use are also tested and confirmed. This study demonstrates how the social network perspective can be used to explain sex differences in the use of marijuana. The sex structure of friendship groups accounts for sex differences in use-abstinence and in the level of consumption among smokers. Implications of these results are discussed with particular reference to the generalizability of the social network perspective.

“Friendly Persuasion”: A Social Network Analysis of Sex Differences in Marijuana Use

This paper examines the determinants of non-institutional living arrangements among elderly women who are no longer married using 1971 Canadian census data. In particular the validity of Kobrins...hypothesis that the rise of elderly women who are primary individuals is in part due to the unavailability of adult daughters with whom to co-reside is investigated. Number of children ever born surfaces as the major determinant although education age personal income and the interaction between fertility and income are also statistically significant. (summary in FRE) (EXCERPT)

/pdf/fertility-and-household-status-of-older-women-in-canada-1971-3qkfl6xza5.pdf

Andrew V. Wister

Papers

“Friendly Persuasion”: A Social Network Analysis of Sex Differences in Marijuana Use

Fertility and Household Status of Older Women in Canada, 1971