Введение. В статье рассматриваются условия включения цифровых ресурсов в познавательный процесс с возможностью нелинейного представления информации для моделирования персональной образовательной среды как основы карты возможностей при получении профессий будущего. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что в работе предлагаются инструменты применения когнитивных технологий для построения картины мира, которые создадут дополнительные факторы развития теоретического и творческого мышления, что позволит оказать непосредственное влияние на познавательное развитие человека.

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Cognitive factors of modeling personal educational trajectories in digital environments with the capability of non-linear presentation of information

From a Relational-Historical theoretical framework applied to clinical psychological practice, this study examines the data set underlying the personality attributes of different groups of children with behavior problems as demonstrated on the Rorschach Inkblot Test. To define the groups, categories were established from parents’ descriptions of their own children. This procedure allowed for the formation of three major psychological profiles: hyperkinetic, oppositional defiant, and antisocial (Saraiva & Ferreira, 2016). The major goal of this study is data exploration in a clinical setting, in order to investigate whether and in what ways groups of hyperkinetic, oppositional defiant, and antisocial children differ. These profile characteristics are important issues embraced by both psychodiagnosis and psychotherapy. The participants for this study were 39 Portuguese children, who were private clinic clients; there were 24 boys and 15 girls between the ages of 6 and 14. Their personality attributes were measured using the Rorschach Inkblot Test (Rorschach, 1994), and the Comprehensive System developed by Exner (1991, 1993, 2000) was applied, with the support of the clinical interpretation provided by Quintino-Aires (1999; 2009; 2012; 2014). Comparison of the three profiles showed four common aspects of personality structure: a deficit in cognitive perceptual skills, lack of self-control, limited relational skills, and low self-esteem. Differences in the three profiles revealed factors related to the functional characteristics of specific behavior patterns. Children with the hyperkinetic psychological profile show factors of difficulty in controlling their activity, impulsivity, and overlapping emotions about conscious action. Those with the oppositional defiant profile revealed factors of low self-confidence, low trust in others, high pessimism, loneliness, and structural stress. Finally, those with the antisocial profile had factors of a deficit in coping skills, lack of verbalization of affects and emotions, and egotism.

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Personality attributes of children with behavior problems. An exploratory analysis with the Exner Comprehensive System of the Rorschach Inkblot Test and implications for the socio-historical clinical practice approach

Introduction. This paper focuses on the conditions for using digital resources characterized by a nonlinear presentation of information in the cognitive process with a view of modelling personal educational environments as the basis for the map of opportunities in getting specialties of the future. The authors offer tools for the use of cognitive technologies for the construction of individuals’ worldviews which should create additional factors for the development of their theoretical and creative thinking and influence their cognitive development.
Methods. The study used the personality-oriented and the activity-based and system approaches to analyze and interpret the findings. The Rapid Foresight technique and the observation, experiment, and analysis methods were employed in the study.
Results. The authors justify the use of new cognitive technologies that allow individuals to model the process of cognition and help them create worldviews adequate to the demands of society and the trends of specialties of the future. The example of modelling a personal trajectory of the development in digital environments characterized by a nonlinear presentation of information describes the factors of the development of thinking and information searching skills. In accordance with corresponding cognitive processes individuals construct the following three types of knowledge: (a) knowledge acquired through perceiving and processing information; (b) knowledge acquired through experiment; and (c) meta-knowledge (reflexive and orientation knowledge). This paper presents an experiment confirming the effectiveness of new cognitive technologies in modeling a non-linear trajectory of individual development and cognition.
Discussion. On the basis of the generalization of the results of cognitive activity during modelling the process of cognition in digital environments the authors described the types of knowledge and offered the types of work considered to be the most effective in terms of intellectual development. The presented types of cognitive activity help to create additional conditions for new applications of cognitive technologies when constructing worldviews. A general algorithm of the map of opportunities implies a correlation between psychological characteristics and demands of specialties of the future.

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Когнитивные факторы моделирования в цифровых средах с возможностью нелинейного представления информации

IntroductionAdolescence is a distinct period of psychological development. On the one hand, it is a sensitive period of intellectual development as this is the time when conceptual thinking develops -"formal operational thought" (Piaget, 1969) or "thinking in concepts" (Vygotsky, 1934/1982); such thinking leads to a qualitative leap in the development of the intellectual resources of a child. On the other hand, there is a marked slowdown in intellectual development at this time (as compared with its dynamics in previous stages of ontogenesis) because of the onset of puberty.In research on childhood dysontogenesis a "normative approach" was dominant for many years. In this approach specific signs of psychological activity were seen as "standard," and the corresponding group of children was labeled as the "norm"; adolescents with development deviant to this norm and delayed intellectual development were described as having "deficits." Modern scholars rightly suggest that in the case of dysontogenesis one should speak not of developmental deficits but of developmental differences (Akhtar & Jaswal, 2013; Kapp, Gillespie-Lynch, Sherman, & Hutman, 2013; Norbury & Sparks, 2013).Among the most common forms of dysontogenesis are cerebral palsy (CP), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and delayed intellectual development (DID). Many studies describe detailed features of the intelligence of children and adolescents with these types of deviant developments (Barkley, 1997; Peneda, Ardila, & Rosselli, 1999; Shipitsyna & Mamaychuk, 2001; Sonuga-Barke, Houlberg, & Hall, 1994; Swanson, Castellanos, Murias, LaHoste, & Kennedy, 1998). The interest of our study is that the state of intelligence of adolescent children with deviant developments differs greatly. In particular, adolescents with CP are a very diverse group in the development of intelligence -- they range from having quite good intelligence to having various forms of delayed intellectual development, including manifestations of intellectual disability. The range of symptoms of intellectual disorders in adolescents with ADHD also varies widely, up to signs of intellectual giftedness ("twice exceptional"). There are even broader boundaries of the DID syndrome: this form of dysontogenesis covers children with minimal brain dysfunction, children with learning disabilities (educationally disabled), slow learners, and children who have suffered social and cultural deprivation as a result of poor living conditions. The existence of such an amazing variety of levels of intelligence under the conditions of deviant development is apparently not accidental: it is evidence of the existence of complex compensatory mechanisms.However, there is still no clarity as to which intellectual qualities (abilities) can be regarded as a resource basis for the intellectual development of the atypical child. From our perspective, conceptual and metacognitive abilities can act as resource factors in the development of intelligence in normal adolescence and in the adolescence of children with dysontogenesis.Conceptual abilities are intellectual qualities responsible for the formation and evolution of semantic connections, the use of categories with different grades of generalization, the detection and discovery of implicit connections, and the generation of new ideas. In different studies, conceptual abilities are presented as "the ability to do abstract thinking" (Sattler, 1988), "conceptual intelligence" (Li, 1996), "generative thinking" (Ward & Sifonis, 1997), "thinking in concepts" (Vygotsky,Resource function of conceptual and metacognitive abilities in adolescents...1934/1982), and "semantic, categorial, and generative abilities" (Kholodnaya, 2012).Metacognitive abilities are intellectual qualities responsible for the involuntary and voluntary regulation of intellectual activity. Their main function is to control information processing. …

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Resource function of conceptual and metacognitive abilities in adolescents with different forms of dysontogenesis

Results of evaluation of the efficiency of the application of organic biodegradable membranes in elimination of experimental defects of soft tissues in laboratory rats

The first documented case of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy was described in 1962 by R. Luft. The variety and am-biguity of the clinical manifestations of the disease complicate its early diagnosis and treatment. The first clinical manifestations of the disease are associated with the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. Low alertness and insufficient awareness of doctors delays the timely diagnosis of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy. The aim of the work is to increase the alertness and awareness of narrow specialties about the possibility of differential diagnosis of an extremely rare detected disease on the base of our clinical observation.

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[Masks hiding mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy. Case report].

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy is an extremely rare (1–9:1 000 000, Orphanet, 2021) multisystem genetic disease caused by mutations in the TYMP gene encoding the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase.The article presents the data of a thirteen‑year survey on 40‑year‑old patient D. with clinical manifestations of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy syndrome associated with the previously undescribed missense mutation c.1301G>T (p.Gly434Val) of the TYMP gene. Detailed clinical picture (gastrointestinal dysfunction, cachexia, blepharoptosis, ophthalmoparesis, peripheral polyneuropathy and leukoaraiosis), electroneuromyography data (demyelination with secondary axonopathy), high blood serum level of dihydrothymine together with normal levels of thymidine and deoxyuridine made it possible to verify the diagnosis. Histopathological examination revealed atrophy of the longitudinal (outer) muscle layer of the small and large intestines and a significant decrease in the number of CD117+ cells (telocytes), signs of damage to the striated skeletal muscles of a mixed nature with a predominance of the myogenic pattern, as well the destruction of the myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves. Histochemical examination did not reveal “ragged red fibers” characteristic of mitochondrial pathology. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of megalomitochondria in the myocardium.

A new mutation in the TYMP-gene: clinical and morphological characteristics of a patient with MNGIE syndrome

A relatively recently described population of cells, apparently belonging to the tissue system of the internal environment, are the telocytes. Their peculiarities are not only the co-expression of CD117- and CD34-molecules, but also thin, indistinguishable processes at the light-optical level, whose length can be many times greater than the diameter of the cell body. In this regard, transmission electron microscopy remains the method of choice for their detection in tissues. Telocytes were found in the myocardium, connective tissue of the gallbladder, in gastrointestinal tract, in the stroma of the exocrine glands, the placenta, some vessels. However, data on the detection of telocytes in striated skeletal muscle tissue are either absent or still rare. This brief report demonstrates cells that, by their ultrastructural characteristics, can be identified as telocytes in the endomysium of gastrocnemius muscle in Bla/J mice (mutation in the dysferlin gene, DYSF).

Andry Emelin

Papers

Resource function of conceptual and metacognitive abilities in adolescents with different forms of dysontogenesis

Results of evaluation of the efficiency of the application of organic biodegradable membranes in elimination of experimental defects of soft tissues in laboratory rats

[Masks hiding mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy. Case report].

A new mutation in the TYMP-gene: clinical and morphological characteristics of a patient with MNGIE syndrome

Cells corresponding to telocites have been detected in pathologically altered skeletal muscle