Antibiotics, disinfectants and bacteria resistant to them have been detected in environmental compartments such as waste water, surface water, ground water, sediments and soils. Antibiotics are released into the environment after their use in medicine, veterinary medicine and their employment as growth promoters in animal husbandry, fish farming and other fields. There is increasing concern about the growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the environment, and their ecotoxic effects. Increasingly, antibiotic resistance is seen as an ecological problem. This includes both the ecology of resistance genes and that of the resistant bacteria themselves. Little is known about the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and disinfectants on environmental bacteria, especially with respect to resistance. According to the present state of our knowledge, the impact on the frequency of resistance transfer by antibacterials present in the environment is questionable. The input of resistant bacteria into the environment seems to be an important source of resistance in the environment. The possible impact of resistant bacteria on the environment is not yet known. Further research into these issues is warranted.

Resistance in the Environment

Catalytic ozonation has recently gained significant attention as an effective process used for the removal of organics from water. Unfortunately, despite increasing research efforts in the field of catalytic ozonation and the introduction of new catalysts, the mechanisms of catalytic processes are still largely unknown. An understanding of the mechanisms of catalytic ozonation is vital in order to introduce this technique in water treatment at an industrial scale. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to provide a short overview of catalytic processes, their recent advances and to identify major directions taken to understand mechanisms governing catalytic processes utilised in water and wastewater treatment. Catalytic ozonation is considered to belong to Advanced Oxidation Processes. However, the results published by several research groups indicate that not all catalytic processes utilise the power of hydroxyl radicals.

The efficiency and mechanisms of catalytic ozonation

A literature review of theoretical models for drop and bubble breakup in turbulent dispersions

Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase.

Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes treatment for aqueous perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) – A review of recent advances

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02558984.pdf

Gas entrainment by plunging liquid jets

A comprehensive and critical survey of the available data on ozone solubility in different liquids—in water and aqueous solutions, as well as in organic solvents has been made. Apart of comparing the data published by the various authors after 1981 for water and aqueous solutions, special attention has been paid to the effects of pH and the composition of the liquid phase (salt effect). The published data on ozone solubility in organic liquids have been compiled and the listing of such data given by Battino (1981) has been supplemented by the more recent ones. Special interest has been given to perfluorinated organic solvents, which exhibit high solubility for both oxygen and ozone. More formal thermodynamic approach has also been attempted. Special attention has then been paid to the predictive methods developed for oxygen solubility in non-polar and polar solvents. This paper is presented in order to start a discussion on the very important, but very complicated, issue of ozone solubility. It is hoped t...

Ozone Solubility in Liquids

http://fs.teledos.gr:2206/%3ERESEARCH%20PUBLICATIONS/CHEMICAL%20ENGINEERING/Mass%20Transfer/Hydrodynamics%20and%20ozone%20mass%20transfer%20in%20a%20tall%20bubble%20column.pdf

Hydrodynamics and ozone mass transfer in a tall bubble column

The effectiveness of UV-based processes (UV and UV/H2O2) for the treatment of pharmaceuticals wastewater was investigated and compared with the effects of simple ozonation. Degradation of the studied antibiotic wastewater by direct photolysis indicated that, without application of additional factors, the process is not very effective, transferring the fate of antibiotics to the environment. For the studied antibiotic, wastewater ozonation was found to be the most effective among the three tested AOPs.

Andrzej K. Biń

Papers

Gas entrainment by plunging liquid jets

Ozone Solubility in Liquids

Hydrodynamics and ozone mass transfer in a tall bubble column

Comparison of the Advanced Oxidation Processes (UV, UV/H2O2 and O3) for the Removal of Antibiotic Substances during Wastewater Treatment

Performance of confined plunging liquid jet bubble column as a gas–liquid reactor