Peels and edible pulp from three species of citrus including Citrus aurantifolia (varieties pica and sutil) and Citrus x lemon var. Genova widely cultivated and consumed in Northern Chile (I and II region) were analyzed for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity for the first time. A high performance electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-ESI-MS) method was developed for the rapid identification of phenolics in extracts from peels and juices of all species. Several flavonoids including one kaempferol-O-hexoside (peak 16) and one hesperidin derivative (peak 22) three quercetin derivatives (peaks 4, 19 and 36), five isorhamnetin derivatives (peaks 5, 23, 24, 26 and 29) four luteolin derivatives (peaks 14, 25, 27 and 40), seven apigenin derivatives (peaks 2, 3, 12, 20, 34, 35 and 39), seven diosmetin derivatives (peaks 7-9, 17, 21, 31 and 37), three chrysoeriol derivatives (peaks 10, 18 and 30), and four eryodictiol derivatives (peaks 6, 13, 15 and 38) were identified in negative and positive mode using full scan mass measurements and MSn fragmentations. Ascorbic acid content was higher in the pulps of the varieties Genova and Sutil (60.13 ± 1.28 and 56.53 ± 1.06 mg ascorbic acid per g dry weight, respectively) while total phenolic content was higher in Pica peels followed by Sutil peels (34.59 ± 0.81 and 25.58 ± 1.02 mg/g GAE dry weight, respectively). The antioxidant capacity was also higher for Pica peels (10.34 ± 1.23 µg/mL in the DPPH assay and 120.63 ± 2.45 µM trolox equivalents/g dry weight in the FRAP assay). The antioxidant features together with the high polyphenolic contents can support at least in part, the usage of the peel extracts as nutraceutical supplements, especially to be used as anti-ageing products.

HPLC-UV-MS profiles of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of fruits from three citrus species consumed in Northern Chile.

Comparison of phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and cellular antioxidant activities of different varieties of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.).

Background The recent rise in awareness of safe food and changing consumer attitudes have brought many innovations in packaging technology. Consumers are increasingly demanding natural food colorants such as carotenoids, betaines, anthocyanins and chlorophylls rather than synthetic dyes for food applications. As a result, smart packaging based on natural colorants and biopolymers has been introduced as the latest technology in the food packaging field. Smart products not only protect food from environmental hazards, but also send real-time signals (colorimetric, chemical, or electrical) to consumers for changes in the packaging environment and food quality. Scope and approach This paper reviewed the pH-sensitive smart packaging films based on natural food colorants and biopolymers and key applications in the food industry. Technological aspects associated with the natural colorant-based pH-responsive packaging films, biopolymer-based smart packaging, and the importance of natural colorants compared with synthetic dyes are discussed. The most commonly used colorimetric indicators indicating changes in pH, the application of smart food packaging films in real food systems, and the trend of future research were investigated. Key findings and conclusions Based on natural food colorants, smart packaging monitors the qualitative properties of foods in real-time, including freshness, microbial growth, and chemical changes in the product, through visual changes and quantification of pH changes in the food. It provides a fast and reliable inline assessment of food quality and safety. Nevertheless, future studies should consider commercially sustainable key points such as consumer acceptance and trust, cost, regulatory considerations (i.e. labeling) and multifunctional performance of smart films.

pH-sensitive (halochromic) smart packaging films based on natural food colorants for the monitoring of food quality and safety

Citrus contains a range of highly beneficial bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins that show antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and help in building the body’s immune system. On consumption or processing, approximately 50% of the fruit remains as inedible waste, which includes peels, seeds, pulp, and segment residues. This waste still consists of substantial quantities of bioactive compounds that cause environmental pollution and are harmful to the ecosystem because of their high biological oxygen demand. In recent years, citrus cultivation and the production of processed foods have become a major agricultural industry. In addition to being a substantial source of economy, it is an ideal and sustainable and renewable resource for obtaining bioactive compounds and co-products for food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present article, the various methods of extraction, conventional and modern, as well as separation and isolation of individual bioactive compounds from the extraction mixture and their determination have been reviewed. This article presents both aspects of extraction methods, i.e., on a small laboratory scale and on an industrial mass scale. These methods and techniques have been extensively and critically reviewed with anticipated future perspectives towards the maximum utilization of the citrus waste.

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/8/11/523/pdf

Modern Extraction and Purification Techniques for Obtaining High Purity Food-Grade Bioactive Compounds and Value-Added Co-Products from Citrus Wastes.

The enduring relationship between dietary patterns and human health has led us to investigate the bioactive components present in fruits and vegetables for a very long time. Berries, notably the popular ones such as strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, blackberry, and the Indian gooseberry, are among the best known dietary sources due to the presence of a wide range of bioactive nutritive components. Bioactive components in berries include phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins apart from vitamins, minerals, sugars, and fibers. Individually or synergistically, these have been shown to provide protection against several disorders. Mounting evidence suggests that consumption of berries confer antioxidant and anticancer protection to humans and animals. Free radical scavenging, protection from DNA damage, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of growth and proliferation of cancer cells are just to name a few. This review comprehensively summarizes the key phytochemicals present in berries and their biological action in preventing oxidative stress and carcinogenesis.

Antioxidant and anticancer properties of berries.

The anthocyanin composition and HPLC fingerprints of six small berries endemic of the VIII region of Chile were investigated using high resolution mass analysis for the first time (HR-ToF-ESI-MS). The antioxidant features of the six endemic species were compared, including a variety of blueberries which is one of the most commercially significant berry crops in Chile. The anthocyanin fingerprints obtained for the fruits were compared and correlated with the antioxidant features measured by the bleaching of the DPPH radical, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the superoxide anion scavenging activity assay (SA), and total content of phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins measured by spectroscopic methods. Thirty one anthocyanins were identified, and the major ones were quantified by HPLC-DAD, mostly branched 3-O-glycosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin. Three phenolic acids (feruloylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and neochlorogenic acid) and five flavonols (hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin, rutin, myricetin and isorhamnetin) were also identified. Calafate fruits showed the highest antioxidant activity (2.33 ± 0.21 μg/mL in the DPPH assay), followed by blueberry (3.32 ± 0.18 μg/mL), and arrayan (5.88 ± 0.21), respectively.

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Anthocyanin Characterization, Total Phenolic Quantification and Antioxidant Features of Some Chilean Edible Berry Extracts

The bioactive compound 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-phenylchroman-4-one (pinostrobin , I ), was isolated from aerial parts of Nolana ramossisima I.M. Johnst., a Chilean endemic species , using a combination of medium pressure column chromatography and high speed countercurrent liquid-liquid chromatography (HSCCC). The compound crystallized as a non-centrosymmetric polymorph in the orthorhombic chiral space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 . Its structure had been previously reported by Shoja ( Acta Cryst . C45, 828, 1989) and Yamovoi et al. ( Khim. Prir. Soedin (5), 361, 2001) in the centrosymmetric space groups Pbca and P21/c, respectively. INTRODUCTION High speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) is a support-free liquid-liquid partition chromatographic technique which eliminates the problem of the adsorption of a sample onto a solid support and has been widely used for the purification of natural products, including flavanones 1 . In this work this fast technique has been applied in combination with medium pressure column chromatography for the purification of the phenolic constituents in an organic extract of aerial parts of

/pdf/a-non-centrosymmetric-polymorph-of-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-43u2n8yfnr.pdf

Anghel Brito

Papers

HPLC-UV-MS profiles of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of fruits from three citrus species consumed in Northern Chile.

Anthocyanin Characterization, Total Phenolic Quantification and Antioxidant Features of Some Chilean Edible Berry Extracts

A non-centrosymmetric polymorph of 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-phenylchroman-4-one