https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/schacterlab/files/beatybenedecksilviaschacter2016.pdf?m=1462893201

Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics

BACKGROUND The PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) may be a suitable addition for routine outcome monitoring (ROM) for patients with PTSD AIM: To determine whether the PCL-5 is worth the extra effort that administration requires from the patient METHOD: Pretest and retest measurement results of the PCL-5 and the OQ-45 were compared head-to-head in 464 patients from the Sinai Center of Arkin RESULTS: The correlations between scores on the instruments were high and analysis of variance for repeated measurements revealed no difference in responsiveness Comparison of Cohen's d (049 vs 043) and Delta T (50 vs 44), indicated a slightly better responsiveness of the PCL-5 and also the proportion of recovered patients was greater according to the PCL-5 compared to the OQ-SD CONCLUSION: At first glance, the PCL-5 and the OQ-SD were equally sensitive to detect change during treatment However, the PCL-5 provided more detailed information about the nature and severity of symptomatology in an individual patient and with the PCL-5 we were slightly better able to demonstrate clinical significant change than with the OQ-SD We recommend to add the PCL-5 to ROM for patients with PTSD

De ptss Checklist voor dsm-5 (pcl-5) voor rom: Een vergelijking van de responsiviteit met de Outcome Questionnaire (oq-45) en praktische bruikbaarheid

This article reviews the history of thought on how intelligence and creativity, two individual differences important to teaching and learning, are connected. For decades, intelligence and creativity have been seen as essentially unrelated abilities. Recently, however, new theories, assessment methods, and statistical tools have caused a shift in the field’s consensus. New lines of work on creative thinking strategies, executive cognitive processes and abilities, and cognitive neuroscience have revealed that intelligence and creativity are much more closely linked than the field has thought. The deep connections between these concepts offer opportunities for a more fertile conception of both intelligence and creativity, one that emphasizes similarities between solving problems with right answers and thinking flexibly, critically, and playfully.

Intelligence and Creativity Are Pretty Similar After All

Lie detection techniques are frequently used, but most of them have been criticized for the lack of empirical support for their predictive validity and presumed underlying mechanisms. This situation has led to increased efforts to unravel the cognitive mechanisms underlying deception and to develop a comprehensive theory of deception. A cognitive approach to deception has reinvigorated interest in reaction time (RT) measures to differentiate lies from truths and to investigate whether lying is more cognitively demanding than truth telling. Here, we provide the results of a meta-analysis of 114 studies (n = 3307) using computerized RT paradigms to assess the cognitive cost of lying. Results revealed a large standardized RT difference, even after correction for publication bias (d = 1.049; 95% CI [0.930; 1.169]), with a large heterogeneity amongst effect sizes. Moderator analyses revealed that the RT deception effect was smaller, yet still large, in studies in which participants received instructions to avoid detection. The autobiographical Implicit Association Test produced smaller effects than the Concealed Information Test, the Sheffield Lie Test, and the Differentiation of Deception paradigm. An additional meta-analysis (17 studies, n = 348) showed that, like other deception measures, RT deception measures are susceptible to countermeasures. Whereas our meta-analysis corroborates current cognitive approaches to deception, the observed heterogeneity calls for further research on the boundary conditions of the cognitive cost of deception. RT-based measures of deception may have potential in applied settings, but countermeasures remain an important challenge. (PsycINFO Database Record

/pdf/lying-takes-time-a-meta-analysis-on-reaction-time-measures-4bbakoy5jc.pdf

Lying takes time: A meta-analysis on reaction time measures of deception.

Prelude: Noise-induced tinnitus and hearing loss in the military

The dorsal and ventral aspects of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are the two regions most consistently recruited in divergent thinking tasks. Given that frontal tasks have been shown to be vulnerable to sleep loss, we explored the impact of a single night of sleep deprivation on fluency (i.e., number of generated responses) and PFC function during divergent thinking. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning twice while engaged in the Alternate Uses Task (AUT) – once following a single night of sleep deprivation and once following a night of normal sleep. They also wore wrist activity monitors, which enabled us to quantify daily sleep and model cognitive effectiveness. The intervention was effective, producing greater levels of fatigue and sleepiness. Modeled cognitive effectiveness and fluency were impaired following sleep deprivation, and sleep deprivation was associated with greater activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during AUT. The results suggest that an intervention known to temporarily compromise frontal function can impair fluency, and that this effect is instantiated in the form of an increased hemodynamic response in the left IFG.

/pdf/the-effects-of-a-single-night-of-sleep-deprivation-on-4wxgk2vpa6.pdf

The effects of a single night of sleep deprivation on fluency and prefrontal cortex function during divergent thinking.

Noise and whole-body vibration measurements were made in the following Canadian Forces vehicles: LAV III, Bison and M113A2 ADATS (air defence anti-tank system). Measurements were made at different crew positions while the vehicles were driven at different speeds over rough terrain and paved roads. The participants completed a questionnaire at the end of each measurement session on their reactions to the noise and vibration. Noise levels were as high as 115 dBA in the ADATS, 102 dBA in the Bison and 96 dBA in the LAV III, exceeding the Canada Labour Code exposure limit of 87 dBA for 8 h(1)). A communications headset was found to be sufficient to reduce the noise exposure to safe levels in most cases. The vector sum vibration magnitudes for the LAV III and Bison were relatively low during highway driving (0.3 m/s(2) for both vehicles) compared to rough terrain (0.71 and 1.36 m/s(2), respectively). The ADATS vibration increased with driving speed (0.62 m/s(2) at 8 km/h and 1.26 m/s(2) at 32 km/h). The questionnaire responses indicated that half the crewmembers had difficulty communicating in vehicle noise, but were generally unaffected physically by vibration. The latter result may have been due to the relatively short exposure duration.

Measurement of Noise and Vibration in Canadian Forces Armoured Vehicles

N-back working memory (WM) tasks necessitate the maintenance and updating of dynamic rehearsal sets during performance. The delayed matching-to-sample (dMTS) task is another WM task, which in turn involves the encoding, maintenance, and retrieval of stimulus representations in sequential order. Because both n-back and dMTS engage WM function, we hypothesized that compared to a control task not taxing WM, training on the n-back task would be associated with better performance on dMTS by virtue of training a shared mental capacity. We tested this hypothesis by randomly assigning subjects (N = 43) to train on either the n-back (including 2-back and 3-back levels) or an active control task. Following training, dMTS was administered in the fMRI scanner. The n-back group performed marginally better than the active control group on dMTS. In addition, although the n-back group improved more on the less difficult 2-back level than the more difficult 3-back level across training sessions, it was improvement on the 3-back level that accounted for 21% of the variance in dMTS performance. For the control group, improvement in training across sessions was unrelated to dMTS performance. At the neural level, greater activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, right posterior parietal cortex and the cerebellum distinguished the n-back group from the control group in the maintenance phase of dMTS. Degree of improvement on the 3-back level across training sessions was correlated with activation in right lateral prefrontal and motor cortices in the maintenance phase of dMTS. Our results suggest that although n-back training is more likely to improve performance in easier blocks, it is improvement in more difficult blocks that is predictive of performance on a target task drawing on WM. In addition, the extent to which training on a task can transfer to another task is likely due to the engagement of shared cognitive capacities and underlying neural substrates—in this case WM.

/pdf/transfer-of-training-from-one-working-memory-task-to-another-30awzlpw9d.pdf

Transfer of training from one working memory task to another: behavioural and neural evidence

: In support of the ADVANCE TDP (Advanced Vehicle Architecture for a Net-Enabled Combat Environment Technology Demonstration Project), and at the request of Director Armoured Vehicles Program Management (DAVPM), we undertook to provide a Phase I assessment on the effects of motion disturbance on the performance of operators based on a theoretical and comprehensive literature review. A comprehensive review on the effects of motion disturbance on human behaviour and well-being in all forms of transportation was completed. Based on information collected, a summary of the motion frequency and amplitude on human response was presented graphically. The main findings can be summarized as follows: The majority of information is obtained from ship-simulator or ship motion where vertical (heave) motion is the primary stimulus. Vertical motion does not correlate with the rate of carsickness. Fore-and-aft and lateral motion in the frequency range of 0.1-0.5 Hz is provocative in inducing carsickness. Postures and type of back/head rest could influence susceptibility to motion sickness. Laboratory studies indicated that the ability of the active suspension to protect against or contribute to motion sickness is influenced by whether or not the compensation is under the active control of the rider. Vertical motion frequencies below 0.5 Hz are generally more nauseogenic. Whole body vibration at 2 Hz and above can cause discomfort or injury but will not provoke motion sickness. Based on limited data, frequencies below 0.1 Hz lessen the possibility of motion sickness. The effect of vibration along the horizontal (x and y) axes on performance is unknown.

/pdf/a-review-on-the-effects-of-frequency-of-oscillation-on-59ons6d2gp.pdf

A Review on the Effects of Frequency of Oscillation on Motion Sickness

There is evidence to suggest that successful lying necessitates cognitive effort. We tested this hypothesis by instructing participants to lie or tell the truth under conditions of high and low working memory (WM) load. The task required participants to register a response on 80 trials of identical structure within a 2 (WM Load: high, low) × 2 (Instruction: truth or lie) repeated-measures design. Participants were less accurate and responded more slowly when WM load was high, and also when they lied. High WM load activated the fronto-parietal WM network including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), middle frontal gyrus, precuneus, and intraparietal cortex. Lying activated areas previously shown to underlie deception, including middle and superior frontal gyrus and precuneus. Critically, successful lying in the high vs. low WM load condition was associated with longer response latency, and it activated the right inferior frontal gyrus—a key brain region regulating inhibition. The same pattern of activation in the inferior frontal gyrus was absent when participants told the truth. These findings demonstrate that lying under high cognitive load places a burden on inhibition, and that the right inferior frontal gyrus may provide a neural marker for successful lying.

/pdf/right-inferior-frontal-gyrus-activation-as-a-neural-marker-2w9taspm9i.pdf

Ann Nakashima

Papers

The effects of a single night of sleep deprivation on fluency and prefrontal cortex function during divergent thinking.

Measurement of Noise and Vibration in Canadian Forces Armoured Vehicles

Transfer of training from one working memory task to another: behavioural and neural evidence

A Review on the Effects of Frequency of Oscillation on Motion Sickness

Right inferior frontal gyrus activation as a neural marker of successful lying